Kin191 A. Osteokinematics. Fall 2007

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OsteokinematicsOsteokinematics
KIN 191AKIN 191A
Advanced Assessment of Advanced Assessment of
Lower Extremity InjuriesLower Extremity Injuries

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What is It?What is It?
Kinesiology: The scientific study of human Kinesiology: The scientific study of human
movement (anatomical, physiological, & movement (anatomical, physiological, &
mechanical)mechanical)
Biomechanics: The study of the body Biomechanics: The study of the body
motion and the forces acting on the motion and the forces acting on the
musculoskeletal system to effect motionmusculoskeletal system to effect motion

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Kinematics Vs KineticsKinematics Vs Kinetics
Kinematics: The branch of biomechanics Kinematics: The branch of biomechanics
concerned with description of the movements concerned with description of the movements
of segments of the body w/o regard to the of segments of the body w/o regard to the
forces that caused the movement to occurforces that caused the movement to occur
The study of motionThe study of motion
Kinetics: The forces acting on the body during Kinetics: The forces acting on the body during
movement and the interactions of sequence of movement and the interactions of sequence of
motion with respect to time and forces presentmotion with respect to time and forces present
The study of the forces that effect motionThe study of the forces that effect motion

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KinematicsKinematics
Movement: A change in the position of a bone Movement: A change in the position of a bone
or segment (i.e., forearm flexion); or a or segment (i.e., forearm flexion); or a
change in the relationship of two adjacent change in the relationship of two adjacent
bones or segments (i.e., elbow flexion)bones or segments (i.e., elbow flexion)
In describing joint movement in the In describing joint movement in the
extremities, the distal segment is compared to extremities, the distal segment is compared to
the proximal segmentthe proximal segment
In describing joint movement in the spine, the In describing joint movement in the spine, the
cranial segment is compared to the caudal cranial segment is compared to the caudal
segmentsegment

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Kinematics cont.Kinematics cont.
Osteokinematics: Description of Osteokinematics: Description of
movement with reference to the bonesmovement with reference to the bones
Arthorkinematics: Description of Arthorkinematics: Description of
movement with reference to the joint movement with reference to the joint
surfacessurfaces

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Planes of the BodyPlanes of the Body
1. Sagittal plane1. Sagittal plane
2. Frontal (coronal) plane2. Frontal (coronal) plane
3. Transverse (horizontal) plane3. Transverse (horizontal) plane

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AxesAxes
Z
X
Y

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SagittalSagittal planeplaneTransverseTransverse planeplaneFrontalFrontal planeplane
Y
Z
X

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Axes of RotationAxes of Rotation
Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane
Motion occurs about a mediolateral axisMotion occurs about a mediolateral axis
Frontal PlaneFrontal Plane
Motion occurs about an anterior-posterior axisMotion occurs about an anterior-posterior axis
Transverse PlaneTransverse Plane
Motion occurs about a longitudinal axisMotion occurs about a longitudinal axis

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Types of Osteokinematic MotionTypes of Osteokinematic Motion
Rotary (angular): 3 degree of freedom, around a Rotary (angular): 3 degree of freedom, around a
certain axis (X,Y, & Z) in a certain plane (sagittal, certain axis (X,Y, & Z) in a certain plane (sagittal,
frontal, or transverse). The axis and plane are always frontal, or transverse). The axis and plane are always
orthogonalorthogonal
Translatory (linear): motion through space in a Translatory (linear): motion through space in a
straight line w/o rotation. It is usually described as straight line w/o rotation. It is usually described as
forward/back, up/down, side to side, or some forward/back, up/down, side to side, or some
combination of the threecombination of the three
Curvilinear: a combination of rotary and translatoryCurvilinear: a combination of rotary and translatory

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Degrees of FreedomDegrees of Freedom
Refers to the type and amount of motion Refers to the type and amount of motion
structurally allowed by joint anatomystructurally allowed by joint anatomy
1 df: has a single axis of rotation1 df: has a single axis of rotation
Example - elbowExample - elbow
2 df: dual axes of rotation2 df: dual axes of rotation
Example - wristExample - wrist
3 df: three axes of rotation3 df: three axes of rotation
Example - shoulderExample - shoulder

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Movement Terminology 1Movement Terminology 1
Flexion: Movement in the Flexion: Movement in the SagittalSagittal plane, plane, fromfrom the the
anatomical positionanatomical position
An exception is the thumb (motion occurs in the frontal An exception is the thumb (motion occurs in the frontal
plane)plane)
Extension: Movement in the Extension: Movement in the SagittalSagittal plane, plane, backback to to
the anatomical positionthe anatomical position
Hyperextension: Movement in the Hyperextension: Movement in the SagittalSagittal plane plane
fromfrom the anatomical position, but in the the anatomical position, but in the oppositeopposite
direction of flexion (toward the direction of the least direction of flexion (toward the direction of the least
available motion)available motion)

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Movement Terminology 2Movement Terminology 2
Abduction: Movement in the Abduction: Movement in the FrontalFrontal plane, plane, away away
fromfrom the midline of the body or segment the midline of the body or segment
Horizontal Abduction: Movement in the Horizontal Abduction: Movement in the
TransverseTransverse plane, plane, away fromaway from the midline of the the midline of the
body or segment (used for the hip and shoulder)body or segment (used for the hip and shoulder)
Adduction: Movement in the Adduction: Movement in the FrontalFrontal plane, plane,
towardtoward the midline of the body or segment the midline of the body or segment
Horizontal Adduction: Movement in the Horizontal Adduction: Movement in the
TransverseTransverse plan, plan, towardtoward the midline of the body the midline of the body
or segment (used for the hip and shoulder)or segment (used for the hip and shoulder)

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Movement Terminology 2 cont.Movement Terminology 2 cont.
(Abduction & Adduction)(Abduction & Adduction)
ExceptionsExceptions
Thumb (motion occurs in the Thumb (motion occurs in the sagittal sagittal plane)plane)
Foot (motion occurs in the transverse plane)Foot (motion occurs in the transverse plane)
Finger (the midline of the hand: 3rdFinger (the midline of the hand: 3rd finger)finger)
Toe (the midline of the foot: 2nd toe)Toe (the midline of the foot: 2nd toe)

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Movement Terminology 3Movement Terminology 3
External Rotation: Movement in the External Rotation: Movement in the
transversetransverse plane along the long axis of the plane along the long axis of the
segments so that the reference point segments so that the reference point turns turns
outout ( (away fromaway from the midline of the body) the midline of the body)
Internal Rotation: Movement in the Internal Rotation: Movement in the
transverse plane along the long axis of the transverse plane along the long axis of the
segments so that the reference point segments so that the reference point turns turns
inin ( (towardtoward the midline of the body) the midline of the body)

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Movement Terminology 4Movement Terminology 4
Inversion: Foot movement, so that the reference Inversion: Foot movement, so that the reference
segment (bottom of foot) moves segment (bottom of foot) moves towardtoward the midline the midline
of the body (of the body (FrontalFrontal plane) plane)
Eversion: … moves Eversion: … moves away fromaway from the midline of the the midline of the
body (body (FrontalFrontal plane) plane)
Pronation (foot): TriplanPronation (foot): Triplanaar movement which combines r movement which combines
the movements of the movements of eveversion, ersion, abdabduction, & uction, & ddorsi orsi
fflexion in one movementlexion in one movement
Supination (foot): … the movement of Supination (foot): … the movement of ininversion, version,
addadduction, & uction, & pplantar lantar fflexion in one movementlexion in one movement

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Movement Terminology 5Movement Terminology 5
Pronation (forearm): Movement turning the Pronation (forearm): Movement turning the
palmpalm of the hand of the hand downdown
Supination (forearm): Movement turning the Supination (forearm): Movement turning the
palmpalm of the hand of the hand upup
Ulnar Deviation: Ulnar Deviation: WristWrist _adduction__ _adduction__
Radial deviation: Radial deviation: WristWrist abductionabduction

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Movement Terminology 6Movement Terminology 6
Dorsi Flexion: Foot movement Dorsi Flexion: Foot movement towardstowards the the
dorsaldorsal surface surface
Plantar Flexion: Foot movement Plantar Flexion: Foot movement towardstowards
the the plantarplantar surface surface

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Movement Terminology 7Movement Terminology 7
Lateral Flexion: Movement from midline in Lateral Flexion: Movement from midline in
the the frontalfrontal plane (occur in neck and trunk) plane (occur in neck and trunk)
Protraction: Movement of a Protraction: Movement of a segment segment
anteriorlyanteriorly
Retraction: Movement of a Retraction: Movement of a segment segment
posteriorlyposteriorly

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MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGYMOVEMENT TERMINOLOGY
FlexionFlexion
ExtensionExtension
HyperextensionHyperextension
AbductionAbduction
AdductionAdduction
Horizontal abductionHorizontal abduction
Horizontal adductionHorizontal adduction
External rotationExternal rotation
Internal rotationInternal rotation
Inversion Inversion
EversionEversion
Supination (foot & forearm)Supination (foot & forearm)
Pronation (foot & forearm)Pronation (foot & forearm)
Ulnar deviationUlnar deviation
Radial deviationRadial deviation
Dorsi flexionDorsi flexion
Plantar flexionPlantar flexion
Lateral flexionLateral flexion
ProtractionProtraction
RetractionRetraction