Kinesiology Postures and its types

Student of DPT at University of Sialkot, Sialkot.

1. KINESIOLOGY Topic: Posture PRESENTED BY: MAHEEN DILAWAR ROLL NO: 041 4 TH SEMESTER

2. Contents Active and inactive Postural mechanism Pattern of posture Principles of re-education Techniques of re-education Prevention of muscles wasting Initiation of muscle contraction Strengthning method Abnormal postures

3. Posture and TYPES OF POSTURES

4. POSTURE Posture is the attitude assumed by the body either with support during muscular inactivity or by co- ordinated action of many muscles group.

5. TYPES OF POSTURES There are two types of postures.These are as follows: Active Posture: The action of many muscles is required to maintain active posture.It may be static or dynamic. ( i )Static Posture: It usually refers to the postures in which the body and its segments are aligned and maintained in certain positions like standing, kneeling, lying and sitting. (ii)Dynamic Posture: It usually refers to the postures in which the body or its segments are moving like walking, running, jumping, throwing and lifting.

6. Inactive Posture: These are the postures adopted for resting or sleeping.They are useful when all the essential muscular activity required to maintain life is reduced to a minimum .

7. THE POSTURAL MECHANISM

8. POSTURal mechanism Postural mechanism is maintained or adopted as a result of neuromuscular co-ordination. It consists of the following systems: Postural reflex Somatosensory system Visual system Vestibular system

9. i.POSTURal Reflex The efferent response to an afferent stimulus is called as postural reflex. It maintains the body in upright position . It brings balanced position. It is situated in muscles. The important receptors are: Eyes Ears

10. ii.Somatosensory syestem It regulates sensory information and also dominate sensory system. It provides fast input. It reports information. It consist of the following components: Muscle spindle Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) Joint receptors Cutaneous receptors

11. iii.Visual syestem It reports information. It keeps visual gaze parallel to the horizon. It consist of the following components: Eye Visual tracts

12. iv.Vestibular syestem It is not under concious control. It gazes stabilization. It resolves inter-sensory system conflicts. It is located near to brain stem and ear. It consists of the following components: Cerebellum

13. THE PATTERN OF POSTURE

14. Patern OF POSTURES The pattern of posture includes the following: Good posture: When the posture fulfills the purpose for which it is used with maximum efficiency and minimum effort. Varies from individual to individual. Perfect balance of one body segment over another. Minimum muscular effort. Pleasing to someone’s eyes.

15. Factors responsible for good posture: ( i )Stable psycological background (ii)Good hygenic conditions (iii) Oppurtunity for plenty of natural free environment

16. Poor posture: A posture which is inefficient ,fails to serve the purpose and in it unnecessary amount of muscle effort used. Faulty alignment of body parts leading to additional muscle work. Marked increase in curves of spine which are displeasing to eyes. Reduces the efficiency of movement.

17. Factors responsible for good posture: ( i )Mental attitude (ii)Poor hygenic condition (iii)General disability and illness (iv)Prolong fatigue (v)Local factors -Pain -Muscular weakness -Occupational stress -Sometimes there may be faulty idea of good posture

18. PRINCIPLES OF RE-EDUCATION

19. PrinciplES Of re-Education The principles of re-education are as follows: The cause of poor posture must be found out. Co-operation of patient

20. Measures taken by in principles of re-education Co-operation with the patient. Unsatisfactory mental attitude is improved by habitual. Poor unhygienic condition are improved by hygienic condition.

21. TECHNIQUES OF RE-EDUCATION

22. TechniquES OF RE-education The techniques of re-education are as follows: General relaxation Treatment of pain Mobility Muscle power

23. Measure taken in techniques of re-education During this period of instruction: The atmosphere provided is cheerful and there is a spirit of enjoyment. The patient is motivated to re-establish a more satisfactory postural pattern. Muscular weakness is cured by specific exercises to restore the balance and regain muscle power.

24. PREVENTION OF MUSCLE WASTING

25. Diseases caused by muscle wasting The diseases caused by muscle wasting are: Flaccid paralysis Spastic paralysis Hypertonic Atrophy

26. i.Flaccid paralysis Flaccid paralysis is caused muscle wasting. In flaccid paralysis, muscles deprived of their motor nerve supply are limped hypotonic and are unable to contract.

27. Principles of treatment during Flaccid paralysis Affected muscles are protected from prolonged over stretching. Circulation to the area must be maintained to ensure adequate nutrition to the paralyzed muscle. Extensibility must be maintained strength must be maintained by resisted exercises.

28. ii.spastic paralysis It is caused by muscle wasting. It is a lesion affecting upper motor neuron.

29. iii.hypertonic Incapable voluntary contraction or relaxation. TREATMENT OF PRIMARY LENSION OF MUSCLE TISSUE : Light exercise

30. iv.atrophy Atrophy is also called rheumatoid disease. Treatment: Isometric muscle work in pain-free range exercise with manual resistance.

31. THE INITIATION OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

32. Initiation of muscle contraction Muscle contraction is initiated by the following: Release of calcium ions Acetylcholine

33. Shortenening of Muscle fiber Striated muscle fiber occurs in sarcomere linearly arranged with short myosin heads pulled on the action filaments.

34. STRENGTHENING METHODS

35. methods Strengthening method are : Range Different exercises Speed Duration Full function of affected muscles by natural and skill movements or free exercises

36. ABNORMAL POSTURE

37. ABNORMAL POSTURE DEFINITION: Abnormal posture is a position resulting from any deviation from ideally aligned erect posture. TYPES OF ABNORMAL POSTURES: Relaxed or Sway Back posture Increased kyphosis / Dowjer’s Hump Flat back posture Scoliosis Flat upper back posture Forward head posture Flat neck posture

38. 1 ) RELAXED OR SWAY BACK POSTURE Definition: A relaxed stance in which the pelvis is shifted forward, resulting in hip extension, and the thorax is shifted backward, resulting in an increased thoracic kyphosis and forward head is called relaxed or sway back posture. In this posture: Head- Forward Cervical Spine- Hyper extended Thoracic Vertebrae- Slight flexion

39. IV. Lumbar Vertebrae- Slight extension V. Pelvis- Posterior tilt and anterior to midline VI. Hips- Hyper extended VII. Knees- Hyper extended VIII. Ankle- Slightly planter flexed

40. Causes: Weak abdominal muscles. Tight hamstrings and back muscles. Stiff spine and/or pelvis. Ligaments laxity or over stretching of your back and pelvis.

41. 2)Increased kyphosis / Dowjer’s Hump Definition: Increased lumbar lordosis without compensation in the thoracic or cervical spine. It is a component of the condition colloquially referred to as sway-back. In this posture: Head- Forward Cervical Spine- Hyperlordosis (hyper extended) Thoracic Vertebrae- Increased flexion

42. IV. Lumbar Vertebrae- Hyperlordosis ; (hyper extended) V. Pelvis- Anterior tilt (forward and down) VI. Knees- Hyper extended VII. Ankle joints- Plantar flexed, legs are behind midline Causes: Obesity Pregnancy Muscle weakness

43. 3) FLAT BACK POSTURE Definition: Flat back posture is a type of posture that is characterised by the lack of natural curves in the spine. As a result, the alignment of the spine (as viewed from the side) is flatter than normal. In this posture: Head- Forward Cervical Spine- Extended Thoracic Vertebrae- Reduced curvature (extension)

44. Lumber Vertebrae- Straight (flexion) Pelvis- Posterior tilt (backward and down) Hips- Extended Knees- Extended Ankle joints- Slightly planter flexed Causes: Muscle imbalance.

45. 4) SCOLIOSIS Definition: Scoliosis is a condition involving an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine. It can be caused by congenital, developmental or degenerative problems, but most cases of scoliosis actually have no known cause called idiopathic scoliosis. In this posture: Shoulders not level. Prominent or uneven scapulas. Uneven gap between arm and body.

46. Elevated or uneven hip. Head not centered over pelvis. Bending test reveals uneven portions of back. Causes: Genetic Cause Poor postures Lack leg inequality

47. 5) FLAT UPPER BACK POSTURE Definition: Flat back posture, is the posture characterized by the presence of a slight plantar flexion of the ankle joints, an extension of the hip joints, a tilt of the pelvis towards the back, flexion of the upper portion of the thoracic spine, and a slight extension of the cervical spine. In this posture: Thoracic curve decreases Scapula depresses

48. Clavicles depresses Clavical lordosis decreases Causes: Exaggerated military posture Overcorrection of good posture

49. 6) FORWARD HEAD POSTURE Definition: Forward head posture (FHP) is the anterior positioning of the cervical spine. This posture is sometimes called "Text Neck", "Scholar's Neck", " Wearsie Neck", " iHunch " or "Reading Neck." In this posture: Increased flexion on upper cervical vertebrae and lower thoracic vertebrae. Increased extension on lower thoracic vertebrae and upper cervical vertebrae.  

50. Causes: Weakness in the neck muscles can lead to forward head posture. Injuries, such as neck sprains and strains. Poor or bad sleeping position. Incorrect breathing habits. Driver's-neck is also one of the causes of forward head posture. Texting-neck. Sofa-neck. Computer-neck. Reader's-neck.

51. 7) FLAT NECK POSTURE Definition: Flat neck syndrome, also known as a military neck, is a condition in which the normal lordosis of the cervical spine diminishes, or is even fully lost. ... It essentially takes your spine out of its neutral position and increases the gravitational compression placed on the spine. In this posture: Decreased cervical lordosis . Increased flexion of the occiput on the atlas

52. Straightening of neck Retraction of the mandible Causes: Short anterior neck muscle. Usage of high pillow under the head Spasm of cervical spine.