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Ayurveda: The Science of Life

Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine that originated in India over 5,000 years ago, is a profound and ancient approach to health and wellness. Its name comes from the Sanskrit words "Ayur" (life) and "Veda" (science or knowledge), meaning the "science of life." Ayurveda is more than just a system of treating illness; it is a philosophy that encourages a balance between mind, body, and spirit for overall well-being. This comprehensive treatise explores the origins, principles, practices, and contemporary relevance of Ayurveda.


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Origins and Historical Significance

Ayurveda's roots can be traced back to the ancient Vedic texts of India, primarily the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda. These scriptures contain hymns and descriptions of various herbal medicines and natural therapies. Over centuries, sages and scholars like Charaka, Sushruta, and Vagbhata refined and documented Ayurvedic knowledge in classical texts such as:

1. Charaka Samhita - A foundational text on internal medicine.


2. Sushruta Samhita - A treatise on surgery and medical procedures.


3. Ashtanga Hridayam - A compendium of practical Ayurvedic knowledge.



Ayurveda developed alongside Indian philosophy, influencing and being influenced by Yoga, Vedanta, and other spiritual disciplines. Its holistic approach and emphasis on prevention made it a cornerstone of ancient healthcare systems.


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Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda

At its core, Ayurveda believes in the balance of the five great elements (Pancha Mahabhutas):

1. Earth (Prithvi)


2. Water (Jala)


3. Fire (Agni)


4. Air (Vayu)


5. Ether (Akasha)



These elements combine to form three bio-energetic forces or Doshas:

1. Vata (Air and Ether): Governs movement, including circulation and nerve impulses.


2. Pitta (Fire and Water): Regulates digestion, metabolism, and energy production.


3. Kapha (Earth and Water): Controls structure, growth, and lubrication in the body.



Every individual has a unique constitution, or Prakriti, determined by their specific Dosha combination. Imbalances in these Doshas are believed to cause illness, and Ayurveda aims to restore equilibrium.


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Diagnosis in Ayurveda

Ayurvedic diagnosis involves a personalized approach, often referred to as Rog Pariksha (disease examination) and Rogi Pariksha (patient examination). Practitioners consider:

1. Pulse Diagnosis (Nadi Pariksha): Understanding the Dosha imbalance through pulse readings.


2. Tongue Diagnosis: Examining the tongue for signs of toxins (Ama) and imbalances.


3. Observation of Skin, Eyes, and Nails: These reflect internal health.


4. Interrogation: Assessing lifestyle, diet, sleep patterns, and emotional state.



Unlike modern medicine, which often focuses on symptoms, Ayurveda delves into the root causes of disease.


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Ayurvedic Therapies and Treatments

Ayurveda employs a wide array of treatments that address physical, mental, and spiritual health. Key therapies include:

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1. KNEE JOINT

2. INTRODUCTION Type- Synovial Subtype- C ondylar variety and freely movable Articular surfaces- The Condyles of Femur The Patella The condyles of Tibia It is the largest and most complex joint of the body The complexity is due to fusion of 3 joints The lateral femerotibial Medial femerotibial Femeropatellar joints

3. Ligaments of Knee joint Fibrous capsule Ligamentum patellae Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Oblique popleteal ligament Arcuate popleteal ligament Cruciate ligament Manisci Transverse ligament

4. 1. Fibrous capsule It is very thin and is deficient anteriorly, where it is replaced by quadriceps femoris , patella and ligamentum patellae. Femoral attachment It is attached about of to 1cm beyond the articular margins. The attachments are Anteriorly it is deficient. Posteriorly attached to intercondylar line. Laterally it encloses the origin of popliteus Tibial attachment It is attached about of to 1 cm beyond the articulor margins. Anteriorly it descends along the margins of the condyles to the tibial tuberosity, where it is deficient . 2. Posteriorly it is attached to intercondylar ridge. Postero laterlly there is a gap behind the lateral condyle for passage of tendon of the popliteus .

5. 2. Ligamentum Patellae This is the central portion of the common tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris . It is about 7.5 cm long and 2.5 cm broad. It is attached above to the margins and rough posterior surface of the apex of patella and below to the smooth upper part of tibial tuberosity. it is related to superficial and deep infrapatellar bursae and to infrapatellar pad of fat.

6. 3.Tibial /medial collateral ligament It is strong ligament Superiorly attached to medial epicondyle of femur just below the adductor tubercle. Inferiorly it divides into anterior and posterior parts Anterior or superficial part is about 10 cm long and 1.25 cm broad. Posterior or deep part is short and blends with the capsule and with the medial meniscus

7. 4. fibular/lateral collateral ligament It is strong and cord like ligament About 5cm long Superiorly attached to lateral epicondyle of femur just above popliteal groove Inferiorly it is embraced by tendon of biceps femoris . And inferiorly attached to head of fibula infront of its apex.

8. Ligaments 5.Oblique popliteal ligament- This is an expansion from the tendon of semimembranosus. It runs upwards and laterally, blends with the posterior surface of the capsule and is attached to the intercondylar line and lateral condyle of the femur. 6.Arcuate popliteal ligament- This is a posterior expansion from the short lateral liament It extends backwards from the head of the fibula, arches over the tendon of popliteus and id attached to the posterior border of intercondylar area of the tibia.

9. 7. Cruciate ligaments These are very thick and strong fibrous bands They act as direct bands of union between tibia and femur, to maintain the anteroposterior stability of knee joint. They are two in number Anterior cruciate ligament- Begins from anterior part of intercondylar area of tibia R uns upwards backwards and laterally Attached to posterior part of medial surface of lateral condyle of femur It is taut during extension of knee.

10. Cruciate ligaments Posterior cruciate ligament- Begins from posterior part of intercondylar area of tibia Runs upwards forwards and medially Attached to anterior part of lateral surface of medial condyle of femur It is taut during flexion of knee.

11. 8. Menisci These are two fibrocartilagenous discs Shape- crescent shape They deepen the articular surfaces an dpartially divide the joint cavity into upper and lower compartment. Each meniscus has- 2 ends- anterior and posterior attached to tibia and also called as horns 2 borders- the outer border is thick, convex and close to fibrous capsule. The inner border is thin concave and free 2 surfaces- upper surface is concave for articulation with femur Lower surface is flat and rests on tibia Peripheral part is vascular, inner part is avascular Medial meniscus is semicircular and lateral is nearly circular.

12. Functions of menisci Help in making articular surfaces more congruent Serve as shock absorbers. Helps in lubricating the joint cavity It guide/regulate the movement of joint Divides the joint cavity in to upper and lower compartment incompletely. Serves sensory function of the joint. 9. Transverse ligament- it connects the anterior ends of medial and lateral menisci.

13. Bursae 12 in number, 4 anterior, 4 lateral, 4medial Anterior- Subcutaneous prepatellar barsa Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa Deep infrapatellar bursa Suprapatellar bursa Lateral- A bursa deep to lateral head of gastrocnemius Between fibular collateral ligament and biceps femoris Between fibular collateral ligament and tendon of popliteus Between tendon of popliteus and lateral condyle of tibia.

14. Bursae Medial- Bursa deep to medial head of gastrocnemious Ansarine bursa between tendons of sartorius,gracilis and semitendinosus A bursa deep to tibial collateral ligament A bursa deep to semimembranosus.

15. Relations Anteriorly- A nterior bursae , ligamentum patellae Posteriorly- Popliteal vessels, tibial nerve, common peronial nerve G astrocnemius, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, gracilis , popliteus . Medially- Sartorius, gracilis , semitendinosus Great saphanous vein, saphanous nerve Semimembranosus Laterally- Biceps femoris , tendon of origin of popliteus .

16. Blood supply Five Genicular branches of Popliteal artery Descending G enicular branch of femoral artery Descending branch of L ateral Circumflex F emoral artery. Two R eccurent branches of Anterior T ibial artery The circumflex fibular branch of Posterior T ibial artery. Nerve supply Femoral, Sciatic and O bturator nerve

17. Movements Flexion- Biceps femoris , Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus Extension- Quadriceps femoris Medial rotation of flexed leg- P opliteus , Semimembranosus, Semitendinosus Lateral rotation of flexed leg- Biceps femoris Locking- Vastus medialis Unlocking- Popliteus Note- Locking is a mechanism that allows the knee to remain in fully extended position without much muscular effort

18. Clinical anatomy Osteoarthritis - degenerative Genuvarum - outward bowing of knees Genuvalgum - knees turn inward Meniscal tear- due to trama ACL and PCL tear Collateral ligaments sprain Baker’s cyst- a fluid filled cyst over the posterior aspect of knee.