Kolkata Metropolitan Development Plan

A study of the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Plan as a part of the subject of City and Metropolitan Planning.

1. Kolkata Metropolitan Development Plan BY: VIDHI JHA (BARCH/10011/16) DIVYA KOTHARI (BARCH/10014/16)

2. Introduction to the city of Kolkata Kolkata , formerly Calcutta , city, capital of West Bengal state, and former capital (1772–1911) of British India. It is one of India’s largest cities and one of its major ports. The city is centred on the east bank of the Hugli (Hooghly) River, once the main channel of the Ganges ( Ganga ) River, about 96 miles (154 km) upstream from the head of the Bay of Bengal; there the port city developed as a point of transshipment from water to land and from river to sea. A city of commerce, transport, and manufacture, Kolkata is the dominant urban centre of eastern India . Kolkata has had to assimilate strong European influences and overcome the limitations of its colonial legacy in order to find its own unique identity .

3. A brief history of the city Kolkata The foundation of a new metropolis was laid by Job Charnock in 1690 . In those days, there were three villages viz. Sutanati , Kalikata and Gobindapur . Job Charnock decided upon the spot as he was attracted by the rural beauty . In 1707, Kolkata due to its growing importance was declared as Presidency. In 1717, the Company obtained permission from the Moghal Empire to purchase 38 villages extending down to both sides of Hooghly river on a stretch of 16 Km. Distance. The names of these villages still survive in locality like Bagmari , Belgachia , Sealdaha , Ultadanga , etc. With this right the British India Co. firmly established its foothold and the settlement gradually turned into a thriving and prosperious city. In 1773, Kolkata became the Capital of India, but later the Capital was shifted to Delhi in 1912. For many years, Kolkata has been a major industrial place and an important urban center in the entire Eastern and North Eastern region. It has also been claiming a dominant position in trade and commerce. The Administrative Headquarters is situated in Kolkata from the period of British rule. The district occupies 17th position in the State in respect of its size with an area of 185.39 sq. Km.

4. Town Planning Privately many may think that Calcutta and Planning look like a mismatch. But Partho Datta's recent book on Calcutta's planning tries to prove that “colonial Calcutta had not only been planned, it had been severely planned. The ignorance has arisen because the history of Calcutta planning was not written about before”. The most striking aspect of the layout of Kolkata is its rectangular north-south orientation . With the exception of the central areas where Europeans formerly lived, the city has grown haphazardly . This haphazard development is most noticeable in the fringe areas around the central core formed by the city of Kolkata and the suburb of Haora . The bulk of the city’s administrative and commercial activity is concentrated in the Barabazar district, a small area north of the Maidan . The layout has encouraged the development of a pattern of daily commuting that has overburdened Kolkata’s transportation system, utilities, and other municipal facilities. Kolkata’s system of streets and roads reflects the city’s historical development. An express highway, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue , stretches from Kolkata to Dum Dum, though most local streets are narrow. The main roads form a grid pattern primarily in the old European sector, but elsewhere road planning has a random character. Part of the reason for this has been the difficulty of providing enough river crossings; it is for the same reason that most streets and highways run from north to south.

5. Insight Into The Perspective Plans The Basic Development Plan (BDP), 1966-1986 was formulated by the Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organization (CMPO) was the first perspective plan in India in 1966. This followed the master plan for Traffic and Transportation and the Master plan for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage . Development perspective and Four Year Program with multi centered development strategy in 1976. Perspective plan and action Program in 1981. Preferred Structure plan and Integrated Transportation System for CDMA in 1983. A perspective plan for Calcutta :2011 in 1990. Plan for Metropolitan development : 1990-2015 in 1990. Development need of Calcutta Metropolitan area : 1992-2002 in 1992. Calcutta Megacity Program : Project Profile and Investment Plan in 1994. Vision 2025 started in 2001 and formulated in 2005.

6. List Of All The Executed Master Plans The Basic Development Plan (BDP), 1966-1986 and the master plan for Traffic and Transportation and the Master plan for Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage was formulated by the Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organization (CMPO). As far as the perspective plans are concerned, first review of BDP was carried out in 1976 and a revised development plan was formulated. The next review and revision of development perspective had taken place in 1981 . and again thereafter in 1990 .

7. Details About the Master Plan The Master plans have been formulated by the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority(KMDA). The vision 2025 is a perspective plan for Kolkata Metropolitan Area for a period of 2001 to 2025. Target Population : 21 Million Vision 2025 - a perspective plan for 25 years for KMDA finalized Master plan for 25 years for traffic and transportation, water supply, drainage, sewerage and sanitation finalized Development plans for environment, wetland, urban amenities and heritage, education, health, employment and bustee improvement finalized City development plan for JNNURM assistance finalized Projects worth Rs. 6939 crore identified for various infrastructure development Designs of GIS for various capacity building of municipal bodies completed / in progress Our Vision : The vision is to provide sustained and improved quality of life through basic urban services in an inclusive manner and create enabling environment for enhanced economic activities by utilizing available resources efficiently, in an eco-friendly manner while conserving heritage

8. Proposed Structure The proposed metropolitan structure plan is a multi centred one with : 1 Metro Centre 1 Metro Sub-centre 15 Major Centres 5 Trans-Metro City System 15 New Townships/Settlement Areas 17 New Industrial Growth Centres

9. Urban Settlements of Kolkata: North Kolkata Neighborhoods of elite Bengalis, crafts men, artisans and traders. Location Lies to the north of esplanade on the eastern banks of the river. Built in the area where existed the village of sutanuti . Urban Structure Low height buildings with maximum ground coverage. The buildings are all attached to each other and have practically no side setbacks. Typical roadside buildings have car porticos (‘ Garibaranda ’) highlighting the building entrance. Open Space is less in this part.

10. Urban Settlements of Kolkata: Central Kolkata The business district developed by the British with palatial structures used as residences for British officers. Location It is established on the site of the Gobindpur village. Mostly covered between Esplanade and the park street and is stretched till the lower circular road. Urban Structure Administrative and commercial district of the city. Monumental scale of proportions. The administrative district along with four sides of the great tank, has a resemblance of London. The British have not done any compromise in the city road layout. Visiting planners drew on what they knew of the west and their work inevitably reflected the planning theories and design guidelines that had arisen in the western context.

11. Urban Settlements of Kolkata: South Kolkata Neighbourhood of upper middle class Bengalis. Location Extends to the eastern wetlands and to the river in the west. Defined by the region, which lies to the south of the lower circular road. Urban Structure Preplanned and have a definite control over the urban form. The buildings have proper setback on all four sides. Mix of old Kolkata and some new type of architecture style. Mostly residential except some large markets, which have been planned to cater to the needs of the people.

12. Metropolitan Regions of Kolkata Inner Metropolitan Region- Areas falling in and around 50 km orbit of Kolkata Intermediate Metropolitan Region- Areas falling in and around orbit of 75 km from Kolkata Kolkata Metropolitan Region- Areas falling in and around orbit of 100 km from Kolkata

13. Demographics: Area Distribution and Population

14. Demographics: Population It has seen that, after 1931 in 1941 there was a vast increment in growth rate of city’s population and again in next decade this came down as very steeply in 1951. This decline was accessed due to the division of India into two nations. The graph clearly shown that there was a very minimal change in population from 1901 to 1931 and after third decades of 19th century, the growth was very rapid. The gap among male female also diminished over the period and hence, the sex ratio found towards favourable from each previous decades. After 1991, the population became stagnant and up to 2011 , the male female difference was much low and the sex ratio reported was 908 although that was much lower than the state average.

15. Geo-Demographic Profile of Kolkata City 1901-2011 Table 4 shown the trends of urban growth and development of Kolkata city from 1901 to the current Census of 2011. The area of the city has been become more than two folds over the last century while during the same period the population has grown about its 400%. The massive change in sex ratio over the same period was also found due to demographic composition changes due to in-migration of females and gradually increment in the female work participation in workforce population.

16. Religious Population in Kolkata Being a cosmopolitan city , Kolkata represents a blend of different religions . Majority of people inhabiting in Kolkata are Hindus. Muslims are in minority.

17. Demographics: Age-Sex Structure Female population has been increased over the time and in 1981 onwards the gap becomes much narrow among male and female specially in working age population. This also characterised the increasing the population of women in the city either for working purposes or education through the in-migration. This city has a high Percentage of female population in the age group 0-19 and working age group of male population was high compared to the female population. The city population shown that the older age group of 65+ female’s population was high after 1991. In 2011, Census data shown that the age group of 20-39, the female population was higher than the male population.

18. Demographics: Literacy Rate In 2011, literacy rate for Kolkata District was 87.1 %. Literacy rate of Kolkata District increased from 77.6 % in 1991 to 87.1 % in 2011 growing at an average annual rate of 3.94%.

19. Demographics: Occupational Structure MALE FEMALE

20. Demographics: Male-Female Activity Rate Results shown that in early of 70s there was a wide gap among the male-female activity rate and this become narrow over the time. Since the male activity rate was about constant and had found a slight declining trends while the female participation was increased over the same time and in 2011 it become similar to their counterparts. In 1971, in female, economic activity rate was about 58% and in 2011 it increased up to the level of 70%, while in the male there was no much positive changes had found. 1981 was the decade, when the female activity rate was suddenly increased and in male, afterwards found slightly declining trends.

21. Land Use Pattern in Kolkata City

22. Growth of Kolkata City and its Land Use 1951 1972

23. Growth of Kolkata City and its Land Use 1992 2002

24. Growth of Kolkata City and its Land Use 2014

25. Density Pattern in Kolkata (2001)

26. Physical Infrastructure Traffic and Transportation The new circuit should be in terms with future demands Segregating traffic by accurate numbers of fast motorised vehicles and slow motorised vehicles The total freight traffic is expected to be 124.71 M tonnes by 2021 and 169.82 M Tonnes by 20225. Enough road, air and waterways to support the traffic and resolve existing problems.

27. Physical Infrastructure Water Supply and Sanitation Need for change in Service District concept Existing policies to be adjusted as per the future demands New sections to be formulated to cater the need Underground Reservoir and transmission system Proposals for arsenic affected areas Schemes for uncovered areas Drainage and Sewerage Roles of canal system Drainage basins Sewerage zones Solid waste management techniques to be reformed Strategy improvement for phase wise improvement of sewer lines

28. Physical Infrastructure: Housing

29. Social Infrastructure Education Various policies are built to improve the education quality of the area Several changes are provided to attract pupils to attend classes like mid day meal and monetary benefits on education of girl child Health Several public institutions settles in areas Smaller panchayats will be allotted with health care centres Increment in number of health care workers Employment Employment in tertiary sector is supposed to increase Several local units to be supported to boost employment Rozgar Yojana to help the poor Slum Several slum improvement programme to replace the dirty condition with better low cost housing Sanitation and drainage to be laid to uplift the face of it.

30. Economic Profile The current GDP (2017-18) of West Bengal is US$157 billion , with Kolkata being one of the biggest contributors to the state’s GDP. The state is the largest producer of rice and second largest producer of potatoes in India. Kolkata’s major industries cover a wide range of sectors, including information technology (IT ), jute, leather, textiles, agriculture, metals and minerals, and tourism to name a few. Kolkata is considered an important trade and commerce hub in northeast India. It has one of two major ports located in West Bengal , other being in Haldia . In 2018-19, the Kolkata handled 63.8 million tons of traffic (goods). The city is also the biggest tea handling port and tea auction market in the country. With the location advantage on its side, Kolkata has also emerged as one of the major warehousing and logistics markets in the country with deals worth millions of dollars in the pipeline. These projects are expected to be ready in the next 12 to 15 months. Meanwhile, major industrial lobbies, such as the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) established their regional offices in Kolkata years ago, a testament to the city’s diverse economic profile. Kolkata is also home to India’s second largest stock exchange , Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE), which is over 100 years old.

31. Economic Profile Investment climate West Bengal is ranked 10 th on the ease of doing business ranking of states in India with Kolkata being one of the top performing cities in terms of GDP for the state. In comparison to other metropolitan cities, it is much less expensive to start a business in Kolkata . The city has become a favourite among foreign investors and companies as the FDI inflows have continued to increase. In 2018-19, the city received US$1.2 billion in FDI compared to US$218 million in 2017-18 . Additionally,  Kolkata is the only city in eastern India that has an international airport . Multinational companies (MNCs) that have a registered office in Kolkata include ITC Limited, Philips India, Tata Steel, Tata Global Beverages, Mcleod Russel India Ltd, Birla Corporation, and Britannia Industries, among others. Small and medium-sized enterprises Small and medium-sized enterprises account for a significant share of Kolkata’s economic activity and industrial output. The majority of the city’s business registration is related to micro and small enterprises , with medium and large-sized enterprises only making up a small portion of the total amount. Major industrial output in Kolkata is focused around leather garments and bags, apparel, hosiery, PVC cables, rod iron furniture, machinery and components, silicon products, electronics and insulated cables . The state accounts for around 55 percent of the country’s exports of leather and leather products . The vast majority of Kolkata’s workforce, over 80 percent, is employed in the service industries. Industry and manufacturing make up around 15 percent of total employment and the primary sector including agriculture, and mining makes up less than one percent.

32. Economic Profile Financial hub With Kolkata’s proximity to two international business centers in Asia – Hong Kong and Singapore , and the thriving IT sector, the state government predicts that the city will become a major financial center by 2030. The government quoted a study by the McKinsey Global Institute that said that Kolkata was “one of the top Indian cities emerging as the epicenter of global financial activities by 2030.” Further, the state government is developing a financial hub in Rajarhat New Town , which is a planned satellite city of Kolkata, and 23 financial institutions as of early 2018 acquired plots to set up their operations in the area. Some of the institutions the hub has already roped in include the State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Allahabad Bank, Union Bank of India, and state government institutions, namely the West Bengal Financial Corporation and the West Bengal Infrastructure Development Corporation.

33. Economic Profile

34. References Trends of Spatio -Temporal Changes and Growth of Kolkata City, India: Evidences from Geospatial Analysis ; Dinabandhu Mahata1, Ambarish Kumar Rai2 & Dr. Pralip Kumar Narzary3 Vision 2025- CMDA https://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/evolution-of-calcutta-kolkata/ https://fac.arch.hku.hk/asian-cities-research/satellite-cities-around-kolkata/ https://www.britannica.com/place/Kolkata/City-layout https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata#Urban_structure https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KolkataStatistics.jsp https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Kolkata-Municipal-Corporation-Growing-Areas-1991-2011-Source-Census-of-India_fig3_282790106 https://ourworldindata.org/search?q=kolkata

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