KSHARA VARGA-Dr.MEENU SWAMINATH

ITS UTILITY AND IMPORTANCE IN RASA SHASTRA

1. क्षार वर्ग DR.MEENU SWAMINATH IST YEAR PG RASA SHASTRA&BHAISHAJYA KALPANA B M KANKANAVADI AYURVEDA MAHAVIDYALAYA BELGAUM

2. CONTENTS Introduction Definition Reference Bheda according to different yoni General properties Ksharaa gunas General method of preparation Kshara paka pareeksha Explanation of different kshara Modern concept of kshara Analytical test Kshara therapeutic usage Different forms of kshara Kshara usage in rasa shastra Loha vada Articles Ekamoolika prayoga Discussion Conclusion 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 2

3. INTRODUCTION उत्पत्ती DERIVATION: तत्र क्षरणात् क्षणनाद्वा क्षारः। (Su.Su ११ / ४ ) 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 3 DEFINITION : छित्त्वा ऽऽ शयात् क्षारः क्षरत्वात् क्षारयत्यधः।( Ch.Chi ५ / ५८ ) DERIVATION: क्षरति इति क्षारः। ( sa.ka.dr)

4. DEFINITION Sabda kalpa druma explains that it is derived from the root char,which means to move In Amara kosha ,kshara is used in sense of kacha.the kacha the root word meaning to fasten or to shine .in that kshara also means ash. Acharya sushruta has defined the drug which has the characteristics of kshana or ksharana literally means which destroys fleshy mass either healthy or unhealthy. Acharya charaka says kshara is one which scrapes abnormal tissues from its location and destroys it after dissolving it,because or if its corrosive nature Acharya sushruta considered it as superior in shastra and anu sastras because of its incising,excising&scraping actions &Tridosha hara property 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 4

5. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 5 REFERENCE Sabda kalpa kruma Bhava prakasha Arka prakasha Amara kosha/pk/manushya varga/65-66 Yogaratnakara Bhaishajya ratnavali Sushruta sutra-11/4 Rajanigantu Ayurveda sara sangraha Charaka chikitsa-5/58 Rasendra purana Sahasra yoga Astanga hrdaya Rasarnava Siddha yoga sangraha Sarangdhara Samhita madyama-11 Kaiyadeva nigantu Chakradatta-arsho chikitsa Rasa tharangini-14 Rasa chandramshu Rasa jala nidhi Rasa ratna sammuchaya Dhanvantari nigantu Rasa prakasha sudhakara A.F.I Rasa mitra

6. REFERENCE Acharya Charak has mentioned two types of Kshara preparation and has also mentioned the use of Kshara according to disease. Acharya Charak has mentioned 18 parts of plants which can be used for medicinal purpose and Kshara is one among them. Acharya Chakrapani has described the method of preparation of Kshara. Acharya Yadavji have described separate chapter of Kshara Kalpana Acharya Sushruta has narrated Kshara in scope of Shalya Tantra (surgical branch) due to actions like Chedana (excision), Bhedana (incision), Lekhana (scrapping) etc. (Su. Su.11/5) Dalhana the commentator of Sushruta Samhita explained the use of Kshara in Ashmari (calculi), Switra (leucoderma), Gulma (tumor), Mutraghat (dysuria), and Visha (poison) etc. In AstangaHridya the Pratisaraniya Kshara is indicated to be used in, Switra (leucoderma), Kustha (skin disorders), Bhagandara(fistula),), Granthi (carbuncles), etc. and Paniya Kshara in Arsha(piles), Bhagandara, Ashmari, Gulma, Udarorga (abdominal disorders) etc. Kshara also incorporated in the preparation of Kasisadi Taila and medicated ghee for the treatment of Arsha. In Sharangadhara Samhita quality measures of Kshara is mentioned various methods and utensils are described for the preparation of Kshara 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 6

7. REFERENCE . In the chapter of Arsha Chikitsa Chakradatta has also described method of preparation of Kshara Sutra and its application. Ksharodaka (alkaline water) containing Patala ( Stereospermumsuaveolens ), Yava Kshara (Salts of potassium), Paribhadra ( Erythrina indica ), Tila ( Sesamum indicum ) along with powder of Dalchini ( Cinnamomum zeylanicum ), Ela (Elettaria cardamomum ), Kalimircha ( Piper nigrum ) are mentioned for the treatment of Mutraghta. Kshara are also indicated along withVataghna (subsiding disorders of Vata) drugs in the treatment of Ashmari. In Yoga Ratnakara various method of preparation of Kshara along with the powder of Piper longum (Pippali) mixed with Kshara is used in the preparation of Pleehodara (splenomegaly). In Rasa Tarangani detail description of Apamarga ( Achyranthus aspera ) Kshara, Arka ( Calotropis giganta ) Kshara, Tila Kshara, Snuhi Kshara, Palasha Kshara ( Butea monosperma ), Chincha ( Tamarindus indica )Kshara are mentioned. In Ayurvedic Formulary of India a separate chapter/ monograph on Lavana- Kshara has been included. In this formulary Kshara is defined as an alkaline substance. In Drugs & Cosmetic Rule 1945, the list of machinery, equipment and minimum manufacturing premise required for the manufacturer of Kshara are described. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 7

8. UTPATTI BHEDA 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 8

9. PRAYOGA BHEDENA 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 9

10. SANKYA BHEDA Kshara dvaya Kshara trika Kshara panchaka Kshara shastaka Kshara saptaka Ksharastaka(asta kshara varga) Kshara dasaka 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 10

11. KSHARA DVAYA Rasa tharangini 2/6 Bhava prakasha Yogaratnakara(1/1028) Raja nigantu Sarji Sarjika Svarjika Svarjika yava yavasuka yavasuka yava 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 11

12. KSHARA TRAYA Rasa ratna sammuchaya Rasa tharangini 2/6/rasendra purana Bhava prakasha Rasarnava/raja nigantu/kaiyadeva nigantu Yava kshara yava Sarjika sarjikshara Svarjika kshara swarji Yavasuka Yava Tankana kshara tankana tankana tankana 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 12

13. KSHARA PANCHAKA Rasa ratna sammuchaya/ yoga ratnakara Rasa tharangini 2/7 Rasa chandramshu(purva-638) Kaiyadeva nigantu Rasa mitra-7 Sushruta sutra(36/322) palasha kimsuka palasha Palasha Palasha usakshara mushkaka muska tankana apamarga Muska/padala tankana yava yava yava Yava Yava yava suvarchika swarji swarjika Svarjika Suvarchika svarjika tila tila tila tila tilanala pakima 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 13

14. KSHARA SHASTAKA KSHARA SAPTAKA Dhanvanthari niganthu Tila Palasha Vacha Apamarga Kutaja mustaka Arka prakasha(3/15) Swarji Yava Tankana Suvarchika Palasha gaurya mustaka 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 14

15. KSHARASTAKA Rasa tarangini(2/8) Bhava prakasha Dhanvanthari niganthu(Mishrakadi varga) Yoga ratnakara(1/1027) Bhaishajya ratnavali(4/42) rasarnava Snuhi Vajri/snuhi tankana Tankana tankana kadali Palasha Palasha palasha Palasha palasha palasha sikhari/apamarga Sikhari/apamarga apamarga Apamarga Apamarga apamarga Chincha Chincha mushkaka Mushkaka muska chincha Arka Arka arka Arka arka sigru Tila Tilanala tila Tila tila tila swarjika Svarjika sarjika Svarjika svarji mochaka yava yava yava yava yava adraka 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 15

16. KSHARA DASAKAM Raja nigantu Rasa hrdaya tantra Shigru shigru Mulaka Mulaka Palasha palasha nimba kadali chitraka tila adraka adraka chukrika/chincha chincha Ikshu aswattha Apamarga apamarga mochaka mochaka 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 16

17. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 17 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF KSHARA(R.T) Rasa- katu Guna-soumya,tiksna,agneya Veerya-ushna Varna- sukla Doshagna-thridoshahara Saveeryata avadhi-5 years Anupana-madhu,jala as kshara is mutrala,dahakaraka,lekhana Matra-2-4 ratti(250mg-1000mg) Karma- Dahana , pachana, darana, vilayana, shodana, ropana, shoshana. Agnibhuta (fire elements) hence having Teekshna property. Tejobhuta (agni element) property predominantly hence it is having the property of corrosiveness It consists of Sparsh Guna (consistency property)due to its predominance of Vayubhuta (wind elements) and hence gives quick action.

18. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 18 Tiksna Virya & Ushna guna They can readily burn soft tissue so used in daha karma Judicious internal administration cures gulmam,arshas,grahani,mutrakrcchra,mutrashmari They have good krimigna guna They are good appetizers and digestives They cures visarpa roga They keeps wound clean and hastens process of healing Kshara are good diuretics as they encourage the function of kidney. if it is used in excess, it can result in impotency

19. KSHARA GUNA 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 19 Sr no Rasa tarangini(14/62-63) charaka samhita(27/366) sushruta samhita (su.st11/16) Astanga hrdaya (su.st 24) proper improper proper improper 1 Tiksna Tiksna Nati-tiksna Atimrduta Nati-tiksna Atimrduta 2 mahosna Ushna Nati-mrdu Atiushnata Nati-mrdu Atiushnata 3 visarpana Laghu Nati -shuklata Atishweta Sita Atishweta 4 krimigna Ruksha Slaksna Atitiksnata Nati- ruksha Atitiksnata 5 pachana Kledi Picchila Atipicchila Picchila Atipicchila 6 Darana Dahana Abhisyandi Ativisarpita Avisyandi Ativisarpita 7 Shodhana Darana sheekrakarita Atisandrata Sukhanirvapya Atisandrata 8 Dahaka Lekhana Shiva Apakvata Sighra agni Apakvata 9 Mutrala Dipana shikari Heenadravyata slaksna Heenadravyata 10 ropana chedana - Atitanu sukhanirvapya 11 - - - - alparaktata

20. GENERAL METHOD OF PREPARATION ACC TO R.T -t o 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 20 ON THE BASIS OF SEASON OF PREPARATION : 1) Uttama (best) – Prepared in Greeshma (summer season) 2) Madhyam (better) – Prepared in Sharad (autumn season) 3) Adhama (bad) – Prepared in Varsha (rainy season)

21. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 21 Various opinion of preparation

22. KSHARODAKA r.t 14 The clear supernatant liquid decanted after galana is called ksharodaka Ksharodaka used for therapeutic purpose and also used for preparation of mridu,madhyama and Tiksna kshara MRIDU KSHARA - Ksharodaka alone subjected to boiling and dry powder obtained MADYAMA KSHARA -Ksharodaka+(fine powder burned lime stone+sankha+sukti )-boiled & evaporated and dry powder obtained(each added drug should 1/10 th part of total drug ash) TIKSNA KSHARA -Ksharodaka+(fine powder burned lime stone+sankha+sukti )+fine powder( danti+dravanti+chitraka+langali+putika+hingu )+ pravala+vida+sauvarchala lavana -mixture boiled& evaporated –fine dry powder obtained Mineral drug should be heated red hot and dip in1/3 rd part of ksharodaka several times until attains fine powder form.This mixture grounded well to fine kalka form and put into larger part of ksharodaka 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 22

23. KSHARA PAKA PAREEKSHA Chakradatta-arsho chikitsa prakaranam 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 23 If kshara burns the eranda nala in 100 matra kala If burns before counting 100 matra kala Doesnot show any burn inspite of counting 100 matra kala tiksna atitiksna mrdu

24. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 24 APAMARGA KSHARA

25. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 25   Sarji kshara Yava kshara Tankana kshara Surya kshara synonyms Svarjika,svarji,svarja,svarjaka,svarji kshara,svarjika kshara,sarji,sarjika,suvarchika,suvarchi,suvarcho,sukhojika,kapota,sukhavarcha,sukharjika,ruchaka,sauvarchala   Yavakshara,yavapatya,yavaja,yavasukaja,yavya,yavagraja,yavahva,yavanalaja,yavasuka,yavasuko,sukaja,yavasukaja,yavya,pakya Tankana,tankanam,tanka,tanga,tangana,dravaka,tankana kshara,ranga-kshara,ranga,rangada,loha-shodana,swarna-shodana,soubhagya,sitakshara,sweta-kshara,tankaka,kshararaja Soraka,sora,saiveha,soraka,suryakshara,vahnikshara Chemical name Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 Potassium carbonate K 2 CO 3 BORAX Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 O Sodium tetra borate decahydrate Potassium nitrate (salt peter) KNO 3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Nature-amorphous Colour-white Taste-saline&burning Solubility-completely soluble in water Nature-amorphous Colour-white Taste-acridly saline&cooling Solubility-completely soluble in water(insoluble in alcohol) Nature-crystalline lumps Colour-white Taste-sweetish alkaline Solubility-easily soluble in water Nature-crystalline pellets/powder Colour-white to dirty grey Taste-saline pungent &cooling Solubility-moderately soluble in water,but its solubility increases with temperature

26. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 26   Sarji kshara Yava kshara Tankana kshara Surya kshara Method of preparation r.t Panchangas of Ustrapriya(ksudra duralabha) ( Chenopodiaceae,salicorniaceae,salsolaceae) collected and dried ↓ Burned to bhasma ↓ Mix with asta guna jala,macerated well and kept overnight ↓ Next day filtered for 7 times ↓ Filtrate is kept in tivra agni and dried ↓ Himakundendu sankasa sarji kshara(fine white powder) Panchanga of yava collected ↓ Dried under hot sun ↓ Burned to bhasma ↓ Mix with asta guna jala and kept for overnight ↓ Next day filtered for 7 times ↓ Filtrate is kept in tivra agni and dried ↓ Pandura prabha yava kshara       NIRMALIKARANA 1 part tankana+24 part water ↓ Solution filtered   ↓ Heated filtrate in tivra agni till neeram parishoshayet   ↓ Stopped when swalpa neeramsha sheshe ↓ dried in sun& nirmala tankana obtained SHODANA 5 pala tankana take in wide mouth iron vessel ↓   Given agni with darvi prachalayan ↓   Supuspita nasta neera suddha tankana NIRMALIKARANA 1 part soraka+24 part water ↓ Solution filtered ↓ Heated filtrate in tivra agni till neeram parishoshayet ↓ Stopped when swalpa neeramsha sheshe ↓ dried in sun& vimala churna sankasa soraka obtained SHODANA Asuddha soraka churna ↓ Bhavana in khalva yantra with ela toya for 3 times Later dried ↓ Suchurnita soraka choorna Acc to rasamrita(8/27) Panduram,siktakaram,karpuradyam,shilajatu    

27. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 27   Sarji kshara Yava kshara Tankana kshara Surya kshara rasa Katu katu Katu Katu,lavana guna Ushna,tiksna,laghu,ruksha Laghu,snigha,sara Ushna,ruksha,tiksna Tiksna,sara virya Ushna ushna Ushna Ushna doshaghana Vatahara,kaphanashaka Kapha-vata nashana Kapha vishleshaka,vatanashaka  vata-kapha nashaka karma Kledana,pachana,deepana,chedana,krimigna   Deepana,pachana,mutrala,hridya,sweda pravartaka Saraka,deepana,hridya,balya,pittakrut Deepana dose 3 ratti-12 ratti(375mg-1.5gm) 3 ratti-10 ratti(375mg-1.25gm) 3 ratti-10 ratti(375mg_1.25gm) 2 ratti-10 ratti(250 mg to 1.25gm) anupana Jala,madhu,vasa svarasa,guda Jala,madhu,vasa svarasa,guda Jala,madhu,vasa svarasa,guda Gokshura kashaya,mishreya,arka,sharkara,nimbu varasa

28. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 28   Sarji kshara Yava kshara Tankana kshara Surya kshara Therapeutic use Shvas,Kasa,gulma,adhmana,udara,vibandha,arshas,pliha,vrana Hridroga,pandu,grahani,pliha roga,galaroga,kasa,arshas,vibandha,gulma,udara ,amashoola,ashmari,mutrakrcchra,vishadosha,anaha,adhmana,kantha roga,amlapitta,aupasargika prameha,phala shotha,sweda pravartaka,mutrala Svasa,kasa,visha nashaka,adhmana,stripushpa janana,mutrakrcchra,vrana,moodhagarbha Vidaghajeerna,ashmari,adhmana,mutrakrcchra,agnimandya,pandu,kamala,prameha yogas Chandra prabha vati Chitrakadi gulika vajra kshara Samudradi choorna Chandraprabha vati(r.ra.su) Samudradi choorna Kantakari ghrta Chitakadi gutika Vajra kshara Sankha vati(r.r.s) Shadpala ghrta Kshara tamra rasa Tribuvanakeerti rasa Swarnasutasekhara rasa Svasakutara rasa Mrtunjaya rasa Ananthabhairava rasa Amrutharnava rasa Ardhanarishwara rasa Trilokyachintamani rasa Sarvanga sundara rasa Pratapalangeswara rasa Lokanatha rasa(b.r) Kanakasundara rasa Vishweta parpati Nayanamritanjana sphatikadi churna

29. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 29 Drug j.l.n shastry Botanical name rasa guna Virya vipaka karma Apamarga Achyranthus aspera Tikta,katu Tiksna,sara ushna katu Kapha vata hara Palasha Butea monosperma Tikta,kashaya,katu Laghu,snigha ushna katu Vata kapha hara arshogna Tila Sesamum indicum Madhura,kashaya,tikta,katu Guru,snigha,tiksna ushna katu Vata hara Snuhi Euphorbia nerifolia Katu Laghu,tiksna,snigha ushna katu Kapha vata hara Mulaka Raphenus sativus Katu Laghu,tiksna ushna katu Tridosha hara Arka Calotropis gigantea Katu,tikta Laghu,ruksha,tiksna ushna katu Vata hara Vacha Acorus calamus Katu,tikta Laghu,tiksna ushna katu Kapha-vata hara Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica katu Laghu,ruksha,tikshna ushna katu Vata-kapha hara Mustaka Cyperus rotundus Tikta,katu,kashaya Laghu,ruksha sheeta katu Kapha-pitta

30. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 30 drug Botanical name rasa guna Virya vipaka Karma Kutaja Holarrhena antidysenterica Tikta,kashaya Laghu,ruksha sheeta katu Kapha vata hara Kadali Musa paradisiaca Madhura,kashaya guru sheeta Madhura vata pitta shamaka,kapha vardhaka Chincha Tamarindus indica Madhura ,amla Guru,ruksha ushna amla Kapha vata hara,deepana Sigru Moringa olifera Katu,tikta Laghu,ruksha,tiksna ushna katu Kapha vata shamana Adraka Zingiber officinale katu Guru,ruksha,tiksna ushna madhura Kapha hara Aswattha Ficus religiosa Kashaya,madhura Guru,ruksha sheeta katu Kapha pitta shamaka Ikshu Saccharum officinarum madhura Guru,snigha sheeta madhura Vata pitta shamaka Nimba Azadirachta indica Tikta kashaya Laghu,ruksha sheeta katu Pitta kapha hara Mulaka Raphanus sativus Katu,tikta laghu ushna katu Tridosha hara Padala Stereospermum suaveolens Tikta,kashaya Laghu,ruksha anushna katu Thridosha hara

31. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 31 Plant origin synonyms guna Amayika prayoga Apamarga kshara Mayura,kharamanjarika, kini tiksna Svasa,gulma,sula,badhirya,lingarshas,switra,mutrakrcchra,mutrashmari,pliha Arka kshara Ravi,bhaskara,kharjughna , mitra tiksna good deepana pachana gulma,pliha,ajeerna,svasa,kasa,yakrt vrddhi Tila kshara Tilabhuti,homadhanyabhuti pavitraksaraka tiksna Mutraghata,mutra sarkara,pliha,vrana darana,vrkka shula,gulma Snuhi kshara Snuhiikshara,snuk,vajra , sehunda tiksna Udara,gulma,jalodara,visuchika,ajeerna,udarasula,svasa,sotha,pliha,agnimandya,yakrit roga Palasa kshara Kimsuka,parna,triparna tiksna Gulma,pliha,yakrit vrddhi,mutrakrcchra,mutrashmari Cincha kshara Amlika,cincika,cincika,amliika,chinchabhuti , chinchikabhasita,cincabhasma,tindibhasita tiksna Agnimandya,gulma,udarasula,mutrakrcchra,mutrashmari,visuchika,grahani,admana,udara sula,parinama sula,atisara

32. Modern concept Kshara are alkaline substances, which are of two kinds viz. NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. Natural are minerals and contains calcium, potassium, and sodium in different combinations. Artificial are those prepared by the ashes of certain plants like Yava, Apamarga etc. Both these kinds are caustic alkalis possessing the property of destroying the tissues by penetrating deep into them.The advantage of this property is utilized in the treatment of abnormal growth of the tissues like tumor, pile, masses of wounds. It destroys extra growth. An Alkali is a substance that has a high pH and tends to neutralise acids.. Generally calcium or limestone or organic materials having calcium is utilized for the preparation of Kshara Herbal ashes generally contain sodium, potassium, carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium and silica. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 32

33. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 33 On heating Carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide(CaO) (quick lime)&carbon dioxide(CO2) which escape into air. Panchanga ashes contain potassium & sodium carbonate (K2CO3 and Na2CO3) Lime stones &sea shells contain calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Calcium oxide reacts with water vigorously & gives calcium hydroxide (CaOH)(slaked lime), which is lime water indeed Calcium hydroxide reacts with Potassium/Sodium carbonate and gives rise to Calcium carbonate which comes down as precipitate. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) remains in solution which may be concentrated by boiling to different extents. CaCo3 → CaO + CO2↑ 1. CaO + H2O→Ca (OH) 2 2. K2CO3 + Ca( OH)2→2KOH + CaCO3

34. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 34 Kshara is prepared by dissolving this ash in water and after filtering dried by the heat, in this process, an insoluble substance like silica is being separated by the filtration and soluble substances like potassium and sodium remain in the solution. In this process when so many substances come in contact of each other, some of them get decomposed and some new substances are being formed. For example the Ksharana strength is more dependent on the preparation of hydroxides than that of the carbonates. It means Kshara having more hydroxides are having more Ksharanam Shakti, hence it is comparatively more ‘ Tikshna ’ so used externally only( pratisaraniya ) Kshaodaka (alkaline water) contains Sodium and Potassium hydroxides in traces hence prescribed internally and can be said as ‘ Paniya Kshara’. Proportion of hydroxides can be increased in the Ksharas by the addition of lime stone, conch shell, etc., which are known to be having Calcium. These are added by heating and dissolving in the water, by which chemical reaction is set up in the Kshara, the outcome of which is the transformation of some of them into carbonates.

35. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 35 ANALYTICAL TEST ORGANO LEPTIC CHARACTER Colour,taste,odour,appearance PHYSICO CHEMICAL TEST Determination of ph,total ash value,loss of drying,specific gravity,refractive index QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE TEST Determination of sodium,potassium ion,carbonate&bicarbonate , alkalinity CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDY

36. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 36 KSHARA THERAPEUTIC UTILITY TANKANA KSHARA 1.Physico-Chemical Standardization of Tankana (Borax): An a yurvedic Mineral Drug 2.Tankana (Borax): It’s Therapeutic Value in Gynecology Tankana is also named as Kshararaja means it is corrosive in nature but not a strong corrosive. Purified Tankan/Sodium Borate is known as a best bleaching agent & anti-septic which helps in the removal of media for growth of pathogens. Tankanakshara is commonly used kshara formulation to treat shula (pain), anaha (flatulence), adhmana (general tympanitis ), mutrakruccha (difficulty in micturition), kanthavikara (diseases of throat) and amlapitta (acid-peptic disorder) Shuddha tankana has great therapeutic/medicinal value as a potent expectorant, anti-inflammatory, digestive, diuretic, antimicrobial , bone growth and maintenance and is considered as an antidote for Aconite SURYA KSHARA 1.Adopting innovative method and comparative evaluation of swetha parpati mentioned in ayurvedic literature Vidagdhaajeerna (indigestion), Asmari (urinary calculi), Mutrakrichra (urinary diseases), Agnimandya (loss of appetite), Panduroga (iron deficiency anaemia), Prameha (urinary disorders/ diabetis mellitus) K+ ion which acts as an alkalinizer is the drug used in all conditions of dysurea . Urinary tract alkalinizer ; produces an alkaline load that increases urinary pH and raises urinary citrate by augmenting citrate clearance without measurably altering ultra filterable serum citrate; produces urine that is less conducive to crystallization of stone-forming salts .

37. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 37 KSHARA THERAPEUTIC UTILITY SARJIKA KSHARA 1.STUDY ON EFFECT OF AMALAKI CHURNA AND SARJIKA KSHARA IN AMLAPITTA It having Dipana,Pachana,anulomana properties Mainly in sula,vibanda,admana,arshas It is an alkaline neutalises the acid HCl and forms salt and water.NaHCO3+HCL=NaCL+H2O+CO2 So it is used in the case of metabolic acidosis,gastric hypera acidity,as an alkalinazation agent in urine,in hyperkalemia,management of over dose of drugs including tricyclic antidepressant and aspirin So it can be specifically used in the case of amlapitta and its management YAVA KSHARA 1.TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL OF YAVA PANEEYA KSHARA (ALKALI PREPARATION OF BARLEY) ON NEPHROLITHIASIS – A PILOT STUDY Amlapitta, Aśmari, Mūtrakŗccra, Udaraśūla, Gulma, Arśa s It helps to neutralize the acidic media and prevents stone formation. As the Yava Kshara is alkaline in nature which changes the pH of the urine, this helps in preventing the hyper-concentration of the urine.( vatika ashmari )

38. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 38 KSHARA THERAPEUTIC UTILITY SNUHI KSHARA 1.PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF SNUHI (EUPHORBIA NERIIFOLIA LINN.) KSHARA Ajirna (indigestion), Jalodara (ascites), Yakrutdosa (hepatic disorder) sodium, chloride and potassium ions are the main component while carbohydrate, protein, alkaloid, saponin, fixed oil and natural steroid are primary constituents of Snuhi Kshara KADALI KSHARA 1.EFFECT OF KADALI KSHARA SUTRA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BHAGANDARA (FISTULA-IN-ANO) 2.A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL OF CHINCHA KSHARA AND KADALI KSHARA ON AMLAPITTA Gulma (abdominal lump), Plihodara ( spleenomegaly ), Jirna jwara ( cronic fever), Sopha ( inflamation ) Kadali has Madhura rasa, Guru and Snigdha guna, Sheeta veerya, Madhura vipaka and Pitta-vatahara properties.

39. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 39 . KSHARA THERAPEUTIC UTILITY APAMARGA KSHARA 1.PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES OF APAMARGA (ACHYRANTHESASPERA LINN.) AND IT’S TIKSHNA KSHARA Chronic asthma ,Deafness, Flatulness,Polyp ,Vitiligo , Renal calculus ,Enlarged mass , Spleenomegaly .,piles vomiting, bronchitis, heart diseases, piles, dysentery, blood diseases as laxative, tonic MULAKA KSHARA 1.PHARMACEUTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF MULAKA KSHARA: AN AYURVEDIC PREPARATION Mutrakrchra , Mutrashmari , Gulma It is composed of Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulphate, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Calcium and Magnesium The Carbonate of potash is pungent, soft and light, it helps discharge of urine. It is recommended for Intestinal obstruction ( Anaha ), Anaemia , Asthma and Enlargement of spleen. Its internal administration is said to dissolve urinary calculi

40. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 40 KSHARA THERAPEUTIC UTILITY ARKA KSHARA 1.CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ARKA KSHARA: A HERBAL PREPARATION Arka Kshara are potassium compounds like K2CO3 and K2SO4 and the pH of it is 10.56 which shows its alkaline nature. When they come in contact of water they may produce CO3 – and OH - .The strong alkaline nature of the water soluble salts is due to presence of potassium salts (CO3, OH) antacid, digestive, carminative, krimighna (anti helminthic), medoghna (lipolytic), used in cases of Ashmari (Urolithiasis), show styptic activity, used for scrapping of unhealthy tissues in cases of chronic ulcers by its medical debriding nature. VASA KSHARA 1.PHARMACEUTICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF VASA AND PALASHA KSHARA Swasa, Kasa, Gulma, Udararoga , Switra, Pharmacological activities of Vasa antispasmodic, hypotensive, bronchodilator, respiratory stimulents , hypoglycemic , uterine stimulant, antiviral, anti-insect, expectorant, antiseptic, antibacterial. Vasa Kshara showed the presence of sodium, potassium, chloride, carbonate ions, phosphate ions

41. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 41 KSHARA THERAPEUTIC UTILITY TILA KSHARA 1.TILANALA KSHARA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH) – A CASE STUDY 2.PHYSICAL AND PHYTO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF STEM OF SESAMUM INDICUM LINN (TILA NALA). high content of potassium, thereby they act as diuretics, hence relieves the obstruction present in BPH. Percentage of sodium, potassium and total alkalis present in Tilanala Kshara are 2.68%, 29.43% and 34.12% PALASHA KSHARA 1.PHARMACEUTICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF VASA AND PALASHA KSHARA Palash Kshara, a reputed preparation of Ayurveda, valued for the treatment of anthelmintic , antiimplantation , antiovulatory , abortificient , antigout, antiestrigenic , spasmogenic, antifungal, antispasmodic, hypotensive, astringent, alterative, aphrodisiac, antiasthmatic , and bactericidal. Palasha kshara showed the presence of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbonate ions.

42. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 42 KSHARA THERAPEUTIC UTILITY CHINCHA KSHARA 1.PRELIMINARY PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROFILE OF CHINCHA KSHARA Agnimandya (poor digestive power), Shula (abdominal pain), Gulma (abdominal lump), Mutrakrucchra (dysuria), and Ashmari (renal calculi) Chincha kshara is highly alkaline in nature with the pH more than 10. It is an inorganic compund containing more of oxygen,sodium , magnesium and chorine with the lesser amount of silicon, sulphur , potassium and calcium

43. KSHARA USAGE IN RASA SHASTRA In Rasa Shastra (Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics) the Kshara plays its own role in different pharmaceutical procedures such as Shodhana, Jarana, Marana etc. Because of its alkalinity in nature, these substance help in the corrosion of unwanted material from the desired product. Kshara are known for their cleansing property. Hence, borax grouped under Sodhaniya Gana (drugs grouped under purifiers) and is useful in preparation of metal extracts (Sattva), etc. In 8 th century,Rasendra Mangala has described a general method for the purification of all Rasa drugs as to triturate the drugs with Kshara (alkali), Sneha (fatty), Amla (acidic) media. In Rasendra Mangala, there is use of Kshara for Rodhana, Murchana, Dipana, Niyamana, Utthapana Samskara, which is intended to increase the potency of mercury. Borax is also used in certain methods of purification of mercury explained in Rasa Tarangini. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 43

44. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 44 KSHARAS ARE INCLUDED IN DIFFERENT VARGAS : Ksharas are separately grouped in one Varga called kshara varga, which includes – Sarja kshara, yava kshara, Tankana kshara and Surya kshara Kshara is important drug in Dravaka gana and Mitrapanchaka. (Metal liquefying drugs) Vida varga includes kshara KSHARA AS REAGENT FOR BHASMA TESTING Apunarbhava is one of the important test for Bhasma of metallic origin in which prepared Bhasma is tested by incinerating with Mitrapanchaka (five drugs-accumulators helpful to check the free metals, if present in prepared Bhasma) and ensure that Bhasma does not come back to its original state (metallic form). Tankana , is one of the important ingredient in Mitrapanchaka. KSHARA USED FOR THE PREPARATION OF LAVANA Souvarchala lavana artificially prepared by mixing equal quantities of Sarjika Kshara and saindava lavana .

45. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 45 POTENTIAL OF KSHARA AS ANTIDOTE Particularly, borax is known as an antidote for aconite (Vatsanabha) poison. Due to this antidotal effect, Ayurveda Prakasa advocated triturating aconite with equal quantity of borax and it can be used in all conditions without any risk of aconite complications. Yoga Ratnakara advised to mix equal quantity of borax and double quantity of Piper nigrum to nullify any untoward effects of aconite. It is also interesting to note that majority of aconite containing formulations contains borax also as an ingredient in it like Agnitundi vati, Ananda Bhairava Rasa. As per Ayurveda Prakasa, for subsiding the toxicity effects Kankustha ( Mysore gambose tree– Garcinia morella ), decoction of root of Babbula ( Acacia nilotica ), Jiraka ( Cuminnm cyminum ) and purified borax are advised to be taken internally as suggested by the same text. Rasa Tarangini suggested various antidotes for untoward effects caused by administration of improperly prepared mercurial preparations . KSHARA IN JARANA In the pharmaceutical process of metallic Bhasma formation(especially for Puti Louha- group of metals having low melting point viz. Vanga- Tin, Naag- Lead, Yashad- Zinc), Jarana (roasting)is one of the intermediate process where Shodhita dhatu (purified metal) roasted with alkaline herbs in which herbal drug get completely burned and Kshara of that herb help in the process of Jarana.Jarana may be compared with “polling”process in which refining of crude metal is done from its own oxide as impurity. It is a redox reaction with reduction being the dominant one.

46. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 46 PARADA SAMANYA SHODANA: During samanya shodana (General purification) of parada, parada is triturated with Nagavalli patra rasa (Betel leaf), Ardraka rasa(Wet ginger) and Kshara traya (Sarja kshara, yavakshara and tankana kshara) for 3 days. PARADA SAMSKARA In Deepana samskara of Parada, Tankana kshara is used. PARADA KSHARA BHANDA : In Kshara bhanda of Parada, kshara dravyas are used RASOUSHADHI NIRMANARTHA Ksharas are used in the preparation of Rasoushadhies (compound formulations) for example Shudda Tankana is used in the preparation of following Rasayogas – Anandabhairava Rasa, Mrutyunjaya Rasa, Tribhuvana Keerthi Rasa, etc and even kshara parpati

47. KSHARA USAGE IN RASA SHASTRA Kshara used Pharmaceutical process Kshara Shodana of shilajatu R.R.S 2/116 Shodana of pravala R.R.S4/57-58 Parada samanya shodana R.T 5/34 Parada kshara bhanda R.R.S 11/70 Rasaushadi nirmanartha Yava kshara Shodana of rajavarta R.R.S 4/7-8 Satva patana of kanshi R.R.S 3/63 Satva patana of kasisa R.R.S3/53 Tankana Shodana of haratala R.R.S 3/70-73 Satvapatana of gairika R.R.S 4/12 Shodhana of tamra,kantaloha A.P Satvapatana of makshika R.M 2/28 Marana of vajra R.N.V 6/85-86 Satvapatana of manahshila R.Cu 11/68 Marana of tuttha R.Cu 10/76 Satva patana of vaikranta R.R.S 2/68 Marana of abhraka R.R.S 2/19 Satvapatana of abhraka R.R.S2/28 Shodana of sasyaka R.R.S 2/124 Shodana of gouripashana R.T 11/137 Marana of visha A.P 6/60 Parada samskara R.H.T 2/11 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 47

48. DIFFERENT FORMS OF KSHARA In Ayurveda formulary of india Apamarga kshara(su.su.11/11) Kadali kshara(su.su11/11) Kalyana kshara(a.h.chi.8/140-141) Panaviraladi kshara( sahasra yoga) Palasha kshara(su.su.11/11) Mulaka kshara(su.ut.42/41) Yava kshara( su ut 42/40-41) Vajraka kshara( bhai.rat gulmadhikara63-65) Vasa kshara(su.su 11/11) 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 48 Kshara gutika Kshara ghrta Apamarga kshara taila Kshira shatpala ghrta-yava kshara( a.h.chi 5/22-23) Avitoladi bhasma(kshara)- sahasra yoga Vajra kshara(b.r.gulmadikara-63) Panaviraladi bhasma( ksara )- sahasrayoga Kshara parpati (siddha yoga sangraha) Kshara vasthi ( chakradatta-nirudhadikara ) Kshara sutra(chakra datta ) Kshara varti -research work

49. LOHA VADA rasa prakasha sudhakara 11/42-44,45-49,123-125) 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 49

50. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 50 rasa prakasha sudhakara rasa jala nidhi (8)

51. EKAMULIKA PRAYOGA Role of Kshara (Alkalis) in the Ayurvedic Therapeutics as per Astanga Hrudayam There are 39 different Kshara plants found in A.H 25 contexts where Kshara is used as an independent medicine. Among the formulations of Kshara , 5 compound Kshara formulations, 3 kshara predominant formulations along with other 12 Churna (powders), 3 Vati (tablets), 24 ghrita (medicated ghee), 3 lehya (medicated candies) used in various ailments like cough, asthma, abdominal tumors , irritable bowel syndrome, anaemia, goiter , diabetes mellitus, epilepsy, hernia, skin diseases, certain diseases of ear, nose, oral cavity; pterigium and obesity etc. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 51

52. ARTICLES IN KSHARA 1.Review article :pharmaceutical utility of kshara in rasa shastra 2.A review on concept of kshara in Ayurveda 3.A critical review on historical aspect of kshara 4.Standardisation of method of preparation of apamarga kshara 5.Review on ksharastaka 6.Critical appraisal of kshara Kalpana 7. A critical study of ksharasutra preparation standardization and new developments 8.A ayurvedic Drugs in the Management of Hirsutism ( Avanchita Roma ) – A Review 9. Critical Review on Ksharaplota and its Therapeutic Aspects 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 52

53. DISCUSSION A wide range of reference are there in classics Both internal &external administration Herbs used for extraction mostly are tikta-katu rasa pradhana,ushna virya,katu vipaka,vata-kapha hara Tiksnata of kshara can be maintained by adding suitable prativapa dravyas. Various method of preparations has been explained in different classical reference. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 53

54. CONCLUSION Wide range of usage can be done Restricted usage due to improper knowledge. Standardisation of preparation have to be done. Do more research and studies of kshara kalpana both pharmaceutically& therapeutically 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 54

55. 7/2/2021 KSHARA VARGAM, DR.MEENU SWAMINATH 55