language learning by ppt preposition.pptx

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2. A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like "in," "at," "on," "of," and "to." Prepositions in English are highly idiomatic. PREPOSITION: 2

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9. Prepositions : indicate relationships between other words in a sentence. Many prepositions tell you where something is or when something happened . Most prepositions have several definitions, so their meaning depends quite a bit on context. Ending a sentence with a preposition is not a grammatical error. For instance: “ Vampires! Zombies! Werewolves!” “Where?!” “Behind you!” Thank goodness for prepositions. Imagine not knowing where the danger lay . . . Prepositions tell us where or when something is in relation to something else. When monsters are approaching, it’s good to have these special words to tell us where those monsters are. Are they  behind  us or  in front of  us? Will they be arriving  in  three seconds or  at  midnight? Prepositions often tell us where one  noun  is in relation to another (e.g., “The coffee is  on  the table  beside  you”). But they can also indicate more abstract ideas, such as purpose or contrast (e.g., “We went  for  a walk  despite  the rain”). By iram shahbaz 9

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14. Types of prepositions Prepositions have a variety of functions and meanings, which can be categorized in a number of ways. Among the simplest schemes is the categorization of prepositions into those of movement, place, and time.brittanica.com Prepositions of movement  indicate motion, direction, or change of location: The ball is rolling  into  the box. The woman will climb  onto  her motorcycle. The fox jumps  over  the lazy dog. They differ from  prepositions of place , which indicate a location that is static and unchanging: The ball is  inside  the box. Cathy will arrive  on  her motorcycle. The fox stands  behind  the lazy dog. . By iram shahbaz 14

15. Prepositions of time  add a time reference to a sentence: The ball is rolling  at  this very moment. Cathy will arrive  in  a few minutes. The fox jumps over the lazy dog  during  its nighttime slumber. Prepositions may also indicate the  syntactic  function of a noun phrase. For example, the preposition  to  or  for  is sometimes used to identify who or what receives the direct object of the action: The boy handed the toy  to  his baby brother. My friend brought a bone  for  my dog. By iram shahbaz 15

16. Prepositional phrases and the placement of prepositions By definition, prepositions must govern a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. The combination of a preposition with such a word or phrase is called a prepositional phrase. The following are examples of prepositional phrases: into the box at this very moment in the classroom with his students A prepositional phrase functions as a  syntactic  unit that modifies a  verb , a noun, or an  adjective , depending on its placement in a sentence: Prepositional phrase modifying a verb ( was ):  The teacher was  in the classroom . Prepositional phrase modifying a noun ( teacher ):  The teacher  in the classroom  was happy. Prepositional phrase modifying an adjective ( happy ):  The teacher was happy  with his students . In some cases, words that are usually prepositions are used instead as  adverbs : A plane is taking off. Cathy came over. The use of  off  and  over  in the sentences above is not prepositional, because neither of those words governs a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. Rather, they modify the meaning of the verb (as part of a construction known as a phrasal verb). In these cases, an additional preposition must be supplied in order to modify the action with a noun other than the subject: A plane is taking off  from  La Guardia Airport. Cathy came over  on  her motorcycle. By iram shahbaz 16