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1. Laws of Minimum, Biotic Potential and Environmental Resistance, Quantitative Relations in a Standing Crop

2. Law of the minimum Proposed by Justus von Liebig , a German chemist Existence and production of animal and plant life depend upon the proper quantitative and qualitative composition of the environment for each organisms. Liebig’s law of the minimum originally applied to plants Each organism required a certain number of food materials and each of these materials must be present in a certain quantity.

3. If one of these food substances is absent or present in minimal quantity the growth will be minimal. The yield of a plant or animal according to this law is determined by the quantity of that particular substance present in minimal amount as per the demands of the organism. The law of minimum has had a wide acceptance. Liebig’s law of the minimum is the foundation of law of limiting factors which is dependent on one factor upon another.

4. Biotic potential and environmental resistance The biological productivity of any body of water or any portion of that body of water is the end result of the interaction of organism present with the surrounding environment. Biotic potential is the characteristics and abilities inherent within an organism which enable it to exist and reproduce. It is the sum total of all of those capacities of an organism which determine its relative success in solving all problems of maintenance. It is a sum of the number of young ones produced at each production. 

5. Every environment contains active features which work towards the control of production in various organisms involved. Thus the environment resists to a greater or less extent for the fulfillment of biotic potential. In the long run, nature acts toward a balance between these two tendencies in which each organism maintains itself in a suitable environment without over population.

6. The principles of biotic potential and the environmental resistance together with all of their associated features are just a pertinent in aquatic biology as in terrestrial situations. Biological productivity of any aquatic community is a general measure of all of adjustments between biotic potential and environmental resistance existing within it.

7. Quantitative relationships in a standing crop Any body of water maintains a certain standing crop of organisms composed primarily of 4 large groups viz, phytoplankton, bottom flora, zooplankton and fishes. This series composes a nutritional chain in which the first two constitute a producing class and the other three are the consumers. Therefore these organisms are an expression of the productivity of water concerned.

8. Trophic dynamic  Trophic dynamics refers to the study of energy flow and nutrient transfer through different levels in a food chain or food web within an ecosystem. The ultimate source of such energy is solar radiation. Earlier work have raised the biological conclusions which seem to have a certain validity like: a. Food cycles rarely have more than five trophic levels b. Separation of an organism from basic source of energy (solar radiation) lead to less chance of dependence upon trophic level for energy c. The consumers seem to be progressively more efficient in the utilization of food supply d. Productivity and photosynthesis increase from oligotrophy to eutrophy and then decline in lake

9. Running waters  The lotic environments differ from lakes and similar waters in the following respect :  Depth  – As a rule, the depths of running water units are small compared to lakes  Width of basin  - Apart from the channel expansions (sometimes designated as river lakes), the water is confined to relatively narrow channel. Current  - Whole volume of water flows is in one direction. Condition of gradient from source to month  - All conditions such as physical, chemical and biological gradually change with distance along the main channel in a definite direction. Extension of channel with age  - Stream systems usually increases their length, width and depth with increasing age.

10. Permanent removal of eroded and transported materials  - At any position during the course of running water unit, eroded materials are transported to downstream. Absence of prolonged stagnation  - Constant flow and mixing of water usually eliminates prolonged summer stagnation of the bottom waters. Relative influence of physical factors  - Physical factors of the environment are relatively more important than in lentic waters. Basic food materials  - Streams manufacture within themselves the basic food materials, but much depends upon the contribution from surrounding land areas.

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