Law - sources & types, part of planning legislation

The presetation has various definitions of law, its type, sources and variants

1. LAW –
SOURCES & TYPES
PLANNING LEGISLATION
ChhabiYadav| MURP 2
nd
yr| Assignment 1

2. Contents
What is Law?
Sources of law
–custom
–legislation
–precedent
Meaning of various terms of law

3. WHAT IS LAW?

4. Definitions
Law,accordingtoJustinian’sDigest,is“thenormofwhatisjust
andunjust.”
TheancientHindubeliefheldthat‘law’isacommandfromGod,
notfromanypoliticalruler.Itbindseveryone,eventhemonarch,
toobeyit.Asaresult,‘law‘isapartof‘Dharma.’InHindulaw,the
conceptof‘justice‘isalwayspresent.
Salmonddefinedlawas“thecorpusofideasrecognizedand
appliedbytheStateintheadministrationofjustice,”accordingto
themajormodernnaturallawscholar.

5. India & Law
Indiahasoneoftheoldestlegalsystemsintheworld.
Itslawandjurisprudencestretchesbackintothecenturies,
formingalivingtraditionwhichhasgrownandevolvedwiththe
livesofitsdiversepeople.
India'scommitmenttolawiscreatedintheConstitutionwhich
constitutedIndiaintoaSovereignDemocraticRepublic,containing
afederalsystemwithaParliamentaryformofGovernmentinthe
UnionandtheStates,anindependentjudiciary,guaranteed
FundamentalRightsandDirectivePrinciplesofStatePolicy
containingobjectiveswhichthoughnotenforceableinlaware
fundamentaltothegovernanceofthenation.

6. Significance of Law
Lawisnotstatic.Atanygivenpointoftimetheprevailinglawofa
societymustbeinconformitywiththegeneralstatements,customsand
aspirationsofitspeople.
Modernscienceandtechnologyhaveunfoldedvastprospectsandhave
arousednewandbigambitionsinmen.Materialismandindividualism
areprevailingatallspheresoflife.Therefore,lawhasundergoneavast
transformation–conceptualandstructural.
Theideaofabstractjusticehasbeenreplacedbysocialjustice.The
objectoflawisorderwhichinturnprovideshopeofsecurityforthe
future.
Lawisexpectedtoprovidesocio-economicjusticeandremovethe
existingimbalancesinthesocio-economicstructureandtoplayspecial
roleinthetaskofachievingvarioussocio-economicgoalsenshrinedin
ourConstitution.
Ithastoserveasavehicleofsocialchangeandasaharbingerofsocial
justice

7. SOURCES OF LAW

8. Principle Sources Of Indian Law
Customs or Customary Law
Judicial Decisions or Precedents
Statutes or Legislation
Personal Law e.g., Hindu and Mohammedan Laws etc.

9. Customs or Customary Law
Customistheoldestandmostimportantsourceoflaw,even
thoughitsinfluenceisdecliningduetotheemergenceof
legislationandprecedent.
Whenthesameactivityisdoneinthesamewayoverandover
again,itbecomescustomary.
Customsplayedasignificantinfluenceinthedevelopmentof
ancientHindulaw.
TheHinduMarriageActof1955(HMA)hasprovidednumerous
examplesofcustomaryrulesbeingrecognized.

10. Thecustomsmaybedividedintotwoclasses:
Customswithoutsanction-Customswithoutsanctionarethose
customswhicharenon-obligatoryandareobservedduetothe
pressureofpublicopinion.Thesearecalledas“positivemorality”.
Customshavingsanction-Customshavingsanctionarethose
customswhichareenforcedbytheState.
Thesemaybedividedintotwoclasses:
1.LegalCustoms
2.ConventionalCustoms

11. 1.LegalCustoms:Thesecustomsoperateasabindingruleoflaw.They
havebeenrecognisedandenforcedbythecourtsandtherefore,they
havebecomeapartofthelawofland.
Legalcustomsareagainoftwokinds:
LocalCustoms:Localcustomisthecustomwhichprevailsinsomedefinite
localityandconstitutesasourceoflawforthatplaceonly.Butthereare
certainsectsorcommunitieswhichtaketheircustomswiththem
wherevertheygo.Theyarealsolocalcustoms.Thus,localcustomsmaybe
dividedintotwoclasses:
–GeographicalLocalCustoms
–PersonalLocalCustoms
Thesecustomsarelawonlyforaparticularlocality,sectionorcommunity.
GeneralCustoms:Ageneralcustomisthatwhichprevailsthroughoutthe
countryandconstitutesoneofthesourcesoflawoftheland.

12. RequisitesofaValidCustom
Acustomwillbevalidatlawandwillhaveabindingforceonlyifitfulfilsthefollowingessential
conditions,
Immemorial(Antiquity):Acustomtobevalidmustbeprovedtobeimmemorial;itmustbe
ancient.
Certainty:Thecustommustbecertainanddefinite,andmustnotbevagueandambiguous
Reasonableness:Acustommustbereasonable.Itmustbeusefulandconvenienttothesociety.
CompulsoryObservance:Acustomtobevalidmusthavebeencontinuouslyobservedwithoutany
interruptionfromtimesimmemorial
ConformitywithLawandPublicMorality:Acustommustnotbeopposedtomoralityorpublic
policynormustitconflictwithstatutelaw.
UnanimityofOpinion:Thecustommustbegeneraloruniversal.
PeaceableEnjoyment:Thecustommusthavebeenenjoyedpeaceablywithoutanydisputeina
lawcourtorotherwise.
Consistency:Theremustbeconsistencyamongthecustoms.Custommustnotcomeintoconflict
withtheotherestablishedcustoms.

13. Judicial Decisions or Precedents
Ingeneraluse,theterm“precedent”meanssomesetpatternguidingthe
futureconduct.
Inthejudicialfield,itmeanstheguidanceorauthorityofpastdecisions
ofthecourtsforfuturecases.
Onlysuchdecisionswhichlaydownsomenewruleorprincipleare
calledjudicialprecedents.
Judicialprecedentsareanimportantsourceoflaw.Theyhaveenjoyed
highauthorityatalltimesandinallcountries.
Theprinciplesoflawexpressedforthefirsttimeincourtdecisions
becomeprecedentstobefollowedaslawindecidingproblemsandcases
identicalwiththeminfuture.
Therulethatacourtdecisionbecomesaprecedenttobefollowedin
similarcasesisknownasDOCTRINEOFSTAREDECISIS.

14. Kind of Precedents
DeclaratoryandOriginalPrecedents:AccordingtoSalmond,a
declaratoryprecedentisonewhichismerelytheapplicationofan
alreadyexistingruleoflaw.Anoriginalprecedentisonewhich
createsandappliesanewruleoflaw
PersuasivePrecedents:Apersuasiveprecedentisonewhichthe
judgesarenotobligedtofollowbutwhichtheywilltakeinto
considerationandtowhichtheywillattachgreatweightasit
seemstothemtodeserve.
AbsolutelyAuthoritativePrecedents:Anauthoritativeprecedentis
onewhichjudgesmustfollowwhethertheyapproveofitornot

15. AbsolutelyauthoritativeprecedentsinIndia:EverycourtinIndiais
absolutelyboundbythedecisionsofcourtssuperiortoitself.All
courtsareabsolutelyboundbydecisionsoftheSupremeCourt.
ConditionallyAuthoritativePrecedents:Aconditionally
authoritativeprecedentisonewhich,thoughordinarilybindingon
thecourtbeforewhichitiscited,isliabletobedisregardedin
certaincircumstances.
ThedoctrineofStareDecisis:Thedoctrineofstaredecisismeans
“adheretothedecisionanddonotunsettlethingswhichare10
EPJI&GLestablished”.Insimplewords,theprinciplemeansthat
likecasesshouldbedecidedalike.
ObiterDicta:TheliteralmeaningofthisLatinexpressionis“said
bytheway”.Theexpressionisusedespeciallytodenotethose
judicialutterancesinthecourseofdeliveringajudgementwhich
takenbythemselves,werenotstrictlynecessaryforthedecisionof
theparticularissueraised.

16. Statutes or Legislation
Legislationisthatsourceoflawwhichconsistsinthedeclaration
orpromulgationoflegalrulesbyanauthoritydulyempoweredby
theConstitutioninthatbehalf.
Itissometimescalledwrittenlawascontrastedwiththe
customarylaworunwrittenlaw.
Salmondpreferstocallitas“enactedlaw”.
Statutelaworstatutorylawiswhatiscreatedbylegislation,for
example,ActsofParliamentorofStateLegislature.
Legislationiseithersupremeorsubordinate.

17. Types of Legislation
SupremeLegislationisthatwhichproceedsfromthesovereignpowerintheStateor
whichderivesitspowerdirectlyfromtheConstitution.Itcannotberepealed,annulled
orcontrolledbyanyotherlegislativeauthority.
SubordinateLegislationisthatwhichproceedsfromanyauthorityotherthanthe
sovereignpower.Itisdependentforitscontinuedexistenceandvalidityonsome
superiorauthority.
TheParliamentofIndiapossessesthepowerofsupremelegislation.Legislative
powershavebeengiventothejudiciary,asthesuperiorcourtsareallowedtomake
rulesfortheregulationoftheirownprocedure.
Theexecutive,whosemainfunctionistoenforcethelaw,isgiveninsomecasesthe
powertomakerules.Suchsubordinatelegislationisknownasexecutiveordelegated
legislation.
Municipalbodiesenjoybydelegationfromthelegislature,alimitedpowerofmaking
regulationsorbye-lawsfortheareaundertheirjurisdiction.

18. WHAT ARE ACTS, BILLS,
ORDINANCES, RULES AND
REGULATIONS?

19. Bill
A'bill'canbecontemplatedastheinitialstageofanact.
Itisaproposaltodraftanewlaw.
Generally,abillisintheformofadocumentthatsummarizeswhatisthe
policybehindthesuggestedlawandwhatthesaidlawisgoingtobe.
ABillcanbeintroducedbyParliamentorStateGovernmentsitselfor
proposedbyamemberoftheParliament.OncepassedintheLower
Houseafterdiscussions,theBillmovestotheUpperhouseforapproval.
OncethebillispassedbytheUpperHouse,thenitissenttotheIndian
Presidentforhisassent.
Ultimately,abillbecomesalaw(Act)orastatuteofthelandafteritis
passedbytheParliamentandassentedbythePresident.However,notall
billsbecomeacts,somebillsdolapseandneedtobereintroduced.

20. Act
OncetheBillhasbeenpassedbythelegislature,itissenttothePresident
ortheGovernorincaseofCentrallaworStatelawrespectivelyforthe
approval.
AfterreceivingthePresidentialassent,itbecomesanAct.
AnActisalawthatismadebythelegislaturesuchasParliamentorState
LegislativeAssembly.
ItisalawpassedbyParliamentwhereasabillisproposedlegislation
underconsiderationbyalegislature.
Therefore,abillisadraftandactsarealawbythegovernment.Inthis
sense,abillbecomesanactwhenitispassedthroughthegovernment.

21. Law
Theword'law'generallyreferstothesetofregulationsorrulestobe
followed.Itcanbeinanyformsuchasanact,ordinance,order,by-laws,
ruleorregulationetc.
Anactisasubsetoflaw.Ithasthepowertoconferlegalrights,
obligations,liabilities,etc.
LawcanbeanyprovisionsofeveryvalidActspassedbythelegislature
whetheractsandcodesfrompre-independenceIndiaorOrdinances
passedbyaGovernorofaStateorthePresidentofIndiaordecisionsof
theHighCourtsorSupremeCourt,authorisedorders,notices,rules,etc
madebygovernmentbodies.

22. Ordinance
Article123ofIndianConstitutiongivesthePresident“Ordinancemaking
power”whereasArticle213ofIndianConstitutiongivestheGovernor
“Ordinancemakingpower”.Thesearevalidforaperiodofsixmonths.
OrdinanceisatemporarylawthatiscirculatedbythePresidentonthe
recommendationoftheUnionCabinet.
TheycanonlybedeliveredwhentheParliamentisnotinsession.They
authorizethegovernmenttotakeimmediatelegislativeaction.
ThesearegenerallypassedwhentheCentralLegislatureisnotinsession
andthereisaneedtomakeanactinemergency.Inthesecases,the
governmentrefersaproposaltothePresidentorGovernorofaState,and
iftheyapproveofthem,itbecomesanOrdinance.
ThelegalityofanordinanceisthatitisequaltotheAct.

23. Rules
WhenanyActisintroducedandpassed,itisnotmandatorythatitisa
completecodeinitself.So,thereisarequirementfortheenactmentof
rulesfordefiningtheproceduresofperformingandimplementationof
theAct.Inshort,rulesprovideprocedurallaws.
Rulesarenecessarybecauseitisverycomplexforthelegislationto
includeeachandeverydetailinasingleActmakingitlengthy.Hence,a
separatesetofrulesaremade,incompliancewiththeprovisionsofthe
Act.
Rulesaresecondaryinnaturetotheirparentact.Therefore,therules
cannotgobeyondtheparentActandincaseifanyconflictarisesbetween
theprovisionsofanActandrules,thentheprovisionsoftheActwill
prevail.

24. Regulations
Basically,rulesandregulationsarequitesimilar,however,regulationsaremore
rigidthanrules.
RegulationshaveaforceoflawasthesearetheorderspassedbyExecutive
authorityontheconductofanylegislation.
TheyarebasedupontheAct.Suchregulationsarepassedfortheapplicationof
theActandthus,therecanbemorethanonesetofregulations.
RegulationsarenotpassedbeforetheHousesofParliamentbutareneededtobe
publishedintheofficialGazettetobecomelegal.
TheActistheparentlawandtheregulationspassedisthesupplementandare
subordinateinnatureandactsasanin-chargeforenforcingthelaws.
Themaindifferencebetweenrulesandregulationsisthatregulationsarelegally
binding,whereasrulesarenot.

25. A Comparison
at a glance

26. THANK YOU