Leaching.pptx

Leaching definition, types, leaching agents, and various applications

1. BASICS OF LEACHING Presented by Prasanjit Das

2. INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE OF LEACHING APPLICATIONS FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF LEACHING LEACHING AGENTS METHODS OF LEACHING PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION Contents

3. Leaching is a solid-liquid separation. Leaching is a process of mass transfer that occurs by extracting a substance from a solid material that has come into contact with a liquid. Examples- Making of a green tea. Extraction of coconut milk from coconut Extraction of oil from soybean flask. INTRODUCTION

4. Leaching occurs in two steps: Contacting the solvent and solid matrix to effect a transfer of solute(leaching) Separation of the undesirable component from the remaining solid with water.( washing) Principle of leaching

5. Leaching can refer to various fields: Application of Leaching 3. Bioleaching 1. Agriculture 2. Chemistry 4. Food processing

6. Factors Affecting Rate Of Leaching

7. Leaching agents are chosen based on a numbers of factors:- Chemical and physical properties. Selectivity of the reagent towards desired component. Must be cheap and readily available in large quantities. If possible; should be regenerated subsequently. Leaching Agents

8. Water Water can be used as leaching agents if the material contains water soluble compounds. These compounds can be naturally occurring or can be made through pre-treatment. Naturally occurring materials- Sulphoxy compounds like sulphite, thiosulphate and sulphates are produced due to natural oxidation of some sulphide material. Pre-treated material- chloride can be leached in water. MgO(s) + (g) + C(s) Mg + CO(g)  

9. 2. Acids : Mineral acids like H 2 SO 4 , HCl and HNO 3 are generally used for leaching either alone or in combination. Acid leaching is not suitable for resources containing acid consuming gangue like CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 , CaO , MgO etc. H 2 SO 4 is the most commonly used acid because it is cheap, abundantly available and lower corrosion problem, more suitable if metal is produced by electrowinning because it regenerates acid. Some applications of H 2 SO 4 Dilute H 2 SO 4 CuO , ZnO, sludges, metal scrap Dilute H 2 SO 4 + oxidant sulphides of Cu, Ni, Zn; Concentrated H 2 SO 4 Cu- sulphide concentrate, laterites

10. 3. Alkali: NaOH, NH 4 OH, Na 2 CO 3 are generally used for leaching More selectivity compared to acid leaching. Less corrosion problem in comparison to acid. Regeneration of reagent mostly difficult. More expensive reagent. Example: Bayer process for alumina Al 2 O 3 (s) + 2NaOH (aq.) 2NaAlO 2 (aq.) + H 2 O (aq.) Ammonia NH 3 --leaching of Cu, Ni, Co due to their tendency to form stable ammonia complexes. Ammonia is less corrosive than sodium hydroxide. It requires less mild conditions for leaching. Non-reactive to silica unlike NaOH.

11. 4. Aqueous Salt Solutions Some base metal salts like Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , FeCl 3 , CuCl 2 can be used for leaching of sulphide materials. Cyanide salts like NaCN , KCN are used for leaching of precious metals like gold and silver. Examples : 1. Leaching of covellite CuS + Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3  CuSO 4 + 2 FeSO 4 + S Regeneration: 2FeSO 4 + 1/2O 2 + H 2 SO 4 Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + H 2 O 2.Gold leaching 4Au + 8 NaCN + O 2 + 2H 2 O  4 NaAu (CN) 2 + 4 NaOH

12. Methods of Leaching In-situ(in-place ) leaching Dump leaching Heap leaching Vat leaching Agitation leaching (or Pulp leaching)

13. In-situ leaching Solution mining process. Generally used for Cu and U ores. Open pathways are created by explosive or hydraulic fracturing method. Leaching is effected by alternate and intermittent circulation of air, water, spent solution etc.

14. For rejected off-grade material put aside in big dumps during mining. Ore is directly taken from mines without crushing hence particle sizes are big Leach solution percolates through the dump and collected in ditches at the base. Dump leaching

15. Industrially practiced for recovery of Ag/Au, Cu and Ni from ore. Mine ore is crushed into small chunks and heaped on an plastic and/or clay pad. Leach solution ( e.g. dilute cyanide for Au or dilute H 2 SO 4 for Cu) is sprinkled from top and percolates through the heap. Heap leaching

16. Vat units are usually rectangular container very big in size. Are made of wood or concrete lined with acid or alkali resistant material. Has been practiced industrially for gold and copper. Floor of the vat is made with false bed inert material with holes to facilitate collection of leach solution. Vat leaching

17. Agitation leaching Agitation can be performed in two ways. By air or by mechanical stirrer. Suitable for fine ore & can be operated in batch or continuous mode. Carried out at high temperature/ pressure unlike percolation leaching. High mass transfer is achieved. Requires solid-liquid separation step.

18. Advantages: Lower capital investment. Lower operating costs. Lower energy and water requirements. potentially much less harmful. Lesser air pollution because no gas is generated. Simple setup and operation. Disadvantages: Reagents are more costly. These are usually either highly acidic or alkali as well as toxic (e.g. Red mud). May create environmental problems. Advantages & Disadvantages

19. Leaching is widely used in extractive metallurgy. It is highly used in the handling of solids to recover important solutes. Its study has increased during the last few years due to a large number of applications and new methods of the optimization process. Leaching is an important operation in different fields like agriculture, metallurgy, and chemistry that is necessary to follow its tendency of research so that future projects follow the optimum ways to obtain the highest contribution possible. Conclusion

20. Y. Song, z. Zhao, Recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using precipitation and electrodialysis techniques, Separation and Purification Technology (2018). Basudev Swain, Recovery and recycling of lithium: A review. Separation and Purification Technology 172 (2017) 388–403. Pratima Meshram , B.D. Pandey, T.R. Mankhand , Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation: A comprehensive review. Hydrometallurgy 150 (2014) 192–208.  Xiaoping Yu, Xuebing Fan, Yafei Guo, Tianlong Deng, Recovery of lithium from underground brine by multistage centrifugal extraction using tri-isobutyl phosphate. Separation and Purification Technology 211(2019) 790-798. Chemical metalurgy - C.K. Gupta Wikipedia www. Google.com References