Leaf colour chart ,Soil sampling , determination of bulk density, determination of soil texture , determination of organic carbon , determination of N from soil , preparation of solution and water sampling

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1. Soil, plant, water and seed testing services (AGR-456) FINAL PRESENTATION (8 TH SEMESTER) TAMANNA SHARMA (19BAG7033) 4HONS1

2. Table of CONTENT 20XX Presentation title ‹#› LEAF COLOUR CHART 11. WATER SAMPLE 2. PURPOSE AND HOW TO USE LCC 12. FAMILIRIZATION WITH LAB EQUIPMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS 3. REAL-TIME N MANAGEMENT OPTION LEAF COLOR CHART (LCC) 13 PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS 4. COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMPLE 14. DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT OF SOILS 5. SAMPLE TAKING DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN CONTENT OF SOILS USING KJELDAHL UNIT 6. PROCEDURE OF SOIL SAMPLING COLLECTION 7 COMPOSTING 8. DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY/MOISTURE OF SOIL BY CORE CUTTER METHOD. 9. DETERMINATION OF SOIL TEXTURE. 10. Plant sample

3. LEAF COLOR CHART (LCC) The leaf color chart (LCC) is a plastic, ruler-shaped strip containing four panels that range in color from yellowish green to dark green. The LCC is used to monitor leaf N status from tillering to panicle initiation or later, by either of two equally effective options A tool to rapidly assess leaf N status and thereby guide the application of fertilizer N to maintain an optimal leaf N content can consequently be vital for achieving high rice yield with effective N management .

4. LEAF COLOUR CHART (LCC) PURPOSE OF LCC To apply adequate amount of nitrogen determine nitrogen demand of the crop ‹#› How to use the LCC Randomly select at least 10 disease-free plants Select the topmost fully expanded leaf Place the middle part of the leaf on a chart and compare the leaf color with the color panels of the LCC. Measure the leaf color under the shade of your body .

5. COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF SOIL SAMPLE Soil tests refers to analysis of the soil sample to determine the nutrient status and other components like PH , bulk density etc Best time for sampling is before sowing/ after harvesting/ planting. Emil Troug , an American Scientist is known as the father of soil testing. ‹#›

6. Soil SAMPLE COLLECTION Soil testing is an essential component of soil resource management. Sample must be taken from particular dep th of the field depending on the root length of the plant (0- 15cm);preferred for most of crops 1m orchards 20XX ‹#›

7. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR THE PRACTICAL 20XX ‹#›

8. P ROCEDURE OF SOIL  COLLECTION ‹#› SCRAPPING Scrapping of the selected area before taking the sample After scrapping Cleaned area without any debris Taking soil sample Soil sample taken in “V” shape by using khurpi Tube auger Soil sample by auger

9. COMPOSITE SAMPLE ‹#› Collected soil Mix the samples thoroughly and Removing foreign materials like roots, stones, pebbles and gravels Quartering of sample Selecting and discarding of sample Two opposite quarters are discarded and the remaining is mixed Repeating the process Again mixing the selected oil sample Quartering is done by dividing the thoroughly mixed sample into four equal parts

10. COMPOSITE SAMPLE ‹#› Quartering again Again Quartering is done by dividing the selected part and thoroughly mixed sample into four equal parts packing Pack the small amount of soil sample in the bag Tagging Name of farmer Date place Ready for lab testing Put the tag in the sample and ready for testing in the lab

11. Determination of bulk density/moisture of Soil by Core Cutter Method. 20XX ‹#› Core cutter is sued to determine the density of the soil Density is determined by Density = mass/volume (g/m3)

12. PROCEDURE ‹#› Selection of area Free from debris and no water logging Scarping of selected spot Proper cleaning Weighing the dolley of core cutter Empty dolly and note the weight Place the Dolley over the top of the core cutter Putting the dolley on the selected area.

13. PROCEDURE ‹#› Core cutter press the core cutter into the soil mass using the rammer. Stop the pressing when about 15mm of the dolley protrudes above the soil surface. Removing soil from the surrounding Remove the soil surrounding the core cutter, and take out the core cutter. Soil soil would project from the lower end of the cutter. Exposed dolly Carefully without disturbing the dolly Remove the dolley. Trim the tip and bottom surface of the core cutter carefully using a straight edge. Removing extra soil

14. PROCEDURE ‹#› Trimmed Core cutter Trim the tip and bottom surface of the core cutter carefully using a straight edge. Weighing the core cutter with the soil Weigh the core cutter filled with the soil to the nearest gram Weight of empty moisture box To check water content Determine the water content. Weight of moisture box with the soil

15. ‹#› ISSS Clay  - <0.002 mm Silt - 0.002 – 0.02 mm Fine sand - 0.02 – 0.2 mm Coarse sand - 0.2 – 2.0 mm USDA : Clay -  < 0.002 mm Silt - 0.002 – 0.05 mm Very fine sand - 0.05 – 0.10 mm Fine sand - 0.10 – 0.25 mm Medium sand - 0.25 – 0.0 mm Coarse sand - 0.50 – 1.00 mm Very coarse sand - 1.00 – 2.00 mm Soil texture  refers to the relative percentage of sand, silt and clay in a soil. The proportion of each size in a given soil (the texture) cannot be easily altered and it is considered as a basic property of a soil. The soil separates are defined in terms of diameter in millimeters of the particles. Soil particles less than 2 mm is called fine earth and are excluded from soil textural. Determination of Soil Texture. Determination

16. P ROCEDURE 20XX ‹#› Weigh the soil sample Sieve the soil sample (2mm) to get sand Sieve the sand (0.2mm) to get silt Sieve the silt (0.02mm)to get clay Further, Observe the soil texture triangle and determine the type of the soil.

17. PLANT SAMPLE Healthy, disease free, freshly green plant should be selected. Uproot the plant from different area of the field remove soil particle from the plant root gently. wash under the cold water and remove excess water from the plant before drying it and leave it for (10-15min) check the fresh weight of the plant w1 remove different parts of the plant like stem, root, shoot, leaves, fruits etc Weigh them separately chop every part but put them separately and let them dry and check drying by bending the piece, If It Breaks and it is dry and then take the dry weight ‹#› PRECAUTIONS no fungal growth packet properly dried in a hot air oven (65degree C) to remove moisture

18. WATER SAMPLE different ways to take the water sample TUBE WELLS – let the water flow for 30 minutes because of the presence of soil in it after 30 minutes take the water sample. Canal - only running water sample can be taken

19. FAMILIRIZATION WITH LAB EQUIPMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS ‹#› PIPETTE Use to drawn by suction and retained by closing the upper end VOLUMETRIC FLAK Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and preparation of standard solutions. BEAKER used for measuring liquid volumes. GLASS ROD used to mix chemicals.

20. FAMILIRIZATION WITH LAB EQUIPMENTS AND INSTRUMENTS ‹#› FUNNEL used for guiding liquid or powder into a small opening. BURETTE Used for titration WEIGHING MACHINE Used for weighing DRPPER used to transfer tiny amounts of liquid.

21. PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS Solution: It is a homogenous mixture of two or more substance whose composition can vary. Solvent: The part of the solution that is present in the largest amount. Solute: The substance that is dissolved in a solvent is a solute. Molarity It is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution.(IM = 1000mM). Molality: Molality is defined as number of moles of solute dissolved per 1000 gm of the solvent. Normality: It is defined as the number of gram equivalents of the solutes dissolved per litre of the solution. ‹#›

22. 20XX ‹#› Dry combustion method Wet digestion method Rapid titration method (Walkley and Black, 1934) Colorimetric method. Carbon is the chief constituent of  soil   organic matter that can be measured quantitatively. Hence estimates of organic matter are based on organic carbon which can be determined mainly by different methods: DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT OF SOILS Apparatus and Reagents required: 500 ml conical flask , Pipette , Burette ,10ml of Potassium dichromate (K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ), 0.5N Ferrous ammonium Diphenylamine indicator , Concentrated S ulphuric acid, Sodium fluoride (NaF) Precautions: Handle the string sulphuric acid with caution as it can injure the skin and spoil clothes. Read upper meniscus of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution. In case the contents of flask turns green with the addition of indicator before titration, repeat the sample either with double amount of potassium dichromate or with lesser amount of   soil

23. Take 6 conical flask , 250ml each Weigh 2g of soil sample and put into 250 ml dry conical flask. Add 10 ml of 1N K 2 Cr 2 O 7  solution in each of the flask and shake gently to disperse soil in the solution. Add 20 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid carefully from the side of flask, swirl the flask during the addition. Add a pinch of NaF and 100 ml of distilled water (MIX WELL) Add about 8-10 drops of diphenylamine indicator and shake vigorously to mix the contents . Take 0.5 N Ferrous ammonium sulphate solution in 50 ml burette and titrate the contents of flask till the colour changes from violet to bright green. Note the volume of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution used. Carry out a blank titration in similar manner, using all the reagents except soil PROCEDURE 20XX ‹#›

24. BEFORE AFTER (violet to dark green colour) ‹#› ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSIS

25. DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT OF SOILS 20XX ‹#› Determination of soil available nitrogen by Alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956) Material required 25ml KMnO4. Sodium hydroxide . Boric acid, 25ml NAOH, soil ,10ml of N/50 H2SO4 , methyl red indicator Distillation apparatus, distillation flask, flask, glass beads, 250 ml beakers, conical flask, burette and pipette etc.

26. PROCEDURE 20XX ‹#› Set up the distillation apparatus Weigh 20 g of given soil sample and transfer it carefully into Kjeldahl distillation flask. Moisten the sample with about 10 cm3 of distilled water. Wash down the soil adhering to the neck of the flask. Add 100 cm3 of 0.32% KMnO4 solution and 100 cm3 of 2.5% NaOH solution and a few glass beads or broken pieces of glass rod to avoid bumping to the above sample and immediately stopper the flask . Take 25 cm3 of 0.01 M H2SO4 in a 150 cm3 conical flask and add 3-4 drops of methyl red to it. Dip the end of the delivery tube of the distillation apparatus into it. . Heat the distillation flask steadily to distill 100 cm3 of liquid ammonia in about 30 minutes time. Titrate the excess of standard H2SO4 left in the conical flask with 0.02 M NaOH and note the volume used in the observation table.

27. DETERMINATION OF AVAILABLE NITROGEN IN THE SOIL USING KELPLUS CLASSIC DX VATS (E) 20XX ‹#› known weight of the soil is mixed with excess of alkaline KMnO4 solution and distill ammonia gas formed in formed in known volume of standard acid excess of which is titrated with standard alkali using methyl red indicator PROCEDURE take 5 grams of the given sample in the distillation tube and add little water add 25 ml of 0.32% KmNO4 solution and fit the tube in distilled unit Pipette out 25 ml of 2.5% of NAOH and a solution through distilled unit prepaid out 25 ml of 2.5 of boric acid with mixed indicator in a conical flask and dip the receiving end of the digital unit now titrate the collected distillate with 0.02 and 2 so 4

28. REVIEW PAPER Soil health refers to a dynamic living system and introduced as an integral property of soils continuous ability that provides vibrant living ecosystem and that supports living beings including maintaining water quality, plant productivity regulation of breakdown of soils nutrient and sustaining supply chain management. Lately, Soil health appears to relate the all over quality of the soil applicable to ecological services and agricultural production. Even though sustainable agriculture, intense agricultural crop, and livestock production, remediation of soil pollution, climatic changes and advancement of sustainable soil and natural resource use, it is necessary to continue monitoring "soil health." The review paper discusses about the special edition focused on the methodology to qualitatively evaluate soil quality and health, human activity impact to soil quality and health, soil quality changes with long term soil use and agricultural production and rehabilitation of damaged soil health through appropriate innovative management. Moreover, modern and advanced challenges in order to improve our present understanding of soil health and fill knowledge gaps.   ‹#›

29. ‹#› Submitted by tamanna sharma 19BAG7033 4hons1