League of nations

To know why the League of Nation (LN) was created and failed

1. LEAGUE OF NATIONS BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATION SUBJECT

2. WHAT IS A LEAGUE OF NATION? It is an intergovernmental organization founded on January 10, 1920 as a result of The Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It is the forerunner of UN brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs and the like. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

3. HOW DID THE LEAGUE OF NATION START? It was formed by the victorious powers in 1919. It was designed to enforce the Treaty of Versailles and other agreements that concluded World War I. It was intended to replace secret deals and wars as a means for settling international disputes, with open diplomacy and peaceful mediation. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

4. WHY DID THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS WAS SET UP IN 1919 It was set up by the Treaty of Versailles. It aims to stop wars, encourage disarmament, and make the world a better place by improving people’s working conditions, and by tackling disease. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

5. WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF THE COUNCIL IN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS? The main organ of the League of Nations were: The General Assembly —which met once a year, consisted of representatives of all member states and decided on the organization policy to settle international disputes. 2. The Council and the Secretariat -carried out the day to day work of the League, under the direction of the Secretary-General. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

6. WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF THE SECRETARIAT IN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS? The League of Nations (LN) was established with three main constitutional organs: 1. The Assembly 2. The Council 3. The Permanent Secretariat BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

7. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS? The League of Nations was an international organization which has a headquarter in Geneva, Switzerland that was created after WW I to provide a forum for resolving international disputes. Though first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen Points plan (called for the general association of nations for mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small alike) for equitable peace in Europe, the United States never became a member. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

8. WHY DOES AMERICA IS A NON MEMBER OF LN? Most of the decisions made at the  PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE  were made by the  BIG FOUR , consisting of President Wilson,  DAVID LLOYD GEORGE  of Great Britain,  GEORGES CLEMENCEAU  of France, and  VITTORIO ORLANDO  of Italy. The European leaders were not interested in a “just peace”. They were interested in retribution.  Wilson met with stiff opposition-The Republican leader of the Senate,  HENRY CABOT LODGE , who was very suspicious of his treaty-- ARTICLE X OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, viewed the League as a supranational government that would limit the power of the American government from determining its own affairs, making it exempt from it so Democrats vote against it. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

9. TWO WINGS OF THE LEAGUE 1 . The Permanent Court of International Justice (ICJ)-world court, existed from 1922-1946. 2. The International Labour Organization-a UN’s agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection and work opportunities for all. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

10. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) The  International Court of Justice  ( ICJ )-or the “world court” is the principal judicial organ of the UN which settles disputes between states. The   Court  has two  functions : 1. To settle, in accordance with  international  law, legal disputes submitted by States (binding ruling). 2. To give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies (non-binding ruling). BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

11. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATIONS The  International Labour Organization  ( ILO ) is a United Nations agency dealing with  labour  problems, particularly  international labour  standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all. Its aims and objectives were: 1. to promote and realize standards and fundamental principles and rights at work; 2. to create greater opportunities for women and men to secure decent employment; 3. to enhance the coverage and effectiveness of social protection for all; 4. to strengthen tripartism and social dialogue (“employers and workers’ representatives”– the “social partners” of the economy – have an equal voice with those of governments in shaping its policies and programmes). BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

12. WHAT ARE THE POWERS OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS World powers such as Britain, France, Italy and Japan were Council, meeting 4-5 times a year to solve disputes. The League’s main strength came from the fact that was set up by the Treaty of Versailles—which had been signed and agreed by the 32 nations. It means “influence” to force country to obey; It offers: Moral Condemnation, Offer Arbitration (referee between quarrelling nations), Apply Trading Sanction, and agree to Military Force BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

13. THE WEAKNESS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS The three most powerful countries (US, Germany and Russia) were not members. –Most Americans were isolationist, Russia were communist and hated Britain and France, Germany were not allowed to join until 1925. The greatest weakness came from the fact that it was set up by the Treaty of Versailles that had many flaws (like reparations), hated especially by Germans and the Americans so the League was hated too. Without this 3 world powers, the League was too weak to make a big country do as it wished. (for instance Italy bovver Corfu in 1923) BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

14. WHY DID THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS DID NOT WORK? Although of the League of Nations was much of the work of President Woodrow Wilson, America never joined the LN. This was for several reasons, firstly America had suffered civilian casualties in the war, and many people in the USA wanted to keep America out of Europe affairs because they did not want to risk more Americans dying and sending troops out to other parts of the globe would be very costly venture. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

15. WHY DID THE LEAGUE OF NATION FAIL? It was a failure in the 1930’s because of British and French self-interest, the countries began to realise that the League didn’t have any power and the League’s only way to stop them was to emplace trade sanctions on them. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

16. REASONS WHY LN FAILED THE UNITED STATES DIDN’T JOIN—The countries of Europe were bitterly divided after WW I and were no mood to establish a substantive organization dedicated to promoting world peace and understanding. The US being an outsider may have been a stabilizing force to the group. But C ongress was uninterested in entangling the US any further in European affairs, until the second world war. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

17. REASONS WHY LN FAILED 2. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES—The terms of the treaty unfairly penalized Germany. Doing so made joining the League more of a “punishment” than a boon. The establishment of the UN after WWI didn’t make the same mistake, which was partly why it has been successful. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

18. REASONS WHY LN FAILED 3. THE LIMITED SCOPE OF THE LEAGUE—Many countries which would have been beneficial to the League simply weren’t invited to join. As a result, it was a boutique organization, rather than a true joining of nations. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

19. REASONS WHY LN FAILED 4. THE GENERAL STABILITY OF THE LEAGUE—Many of the founding embers simply withdrew from it as it became apparent that the League was unstable and that its interests clashed with their own. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

20. REASONS WHY LN FAILED 5. THE MYRIAD FAILING OF THE LEAGUE’S DIPLOMACY—The League was unable to prevent foreign incursions or negotiate their resolutions successfully after they occurred; from Chaco War of 1922 to the Nazi annexation of Czechoslovakia, the League’s toothless nature was apparent from its outset which grew worse with time. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

21. REASONS WHY LN FAILED 6. COLONIALISM—It was simply incapable with the League’s existence. While UN managed to survive during colonialism, it did so in the wake of WWII and during the collapse of colonialism. The Leagues membership expected that their questionable territorial claims were above and apart from its purview. This double standard weakened the legitimacy of the group and ultimately resulted in its downfall. BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB

22. THANK YOU FOR READING! CHELDHAYE