learners will gain knowledge on Placenta.pptx

today I am sharing ppt on Placenta

1. The Placenta

2. General Objectives : By the end of the class, the learners will be able to gain knowledge about the placenta examination. Specific Objectives : By the end of the class, the learners will be able to. 1. Understand the introduction of the placenta examination. 2. Define the placenta and its function. 3. Explore the importance of examining the placenta. 4. Explain the differences between the fetal side and maternal side of the placenta. 5. Discuss the membranes and umbilical cord of the placenta. 6. Examine the placenta in all its variations, including weight and EBL. 7. Learn about the variations of the umbilical cord. 8. Understand the roles and responsibilities of a nurse during placenta examination. Please let me know if you need any further assistance.

3. What is the Placenta? The placenta is a temporary organ that connects the baby to the uterus during pregnancy. The placenta develops shortly after conception and attaches to the wall of the uterus. The baby is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord. Together, the placenta and umbilical cord act as the baby's lifeline while in the womb.

4. PlacentA SHAPE: Flat and round or oval DIAMETER: 18-20 cm THICKNESS: 2.5cm at the centre , becoming thinner at the edges. WEIGHT OF PLACENTA: Approximately 480 g. RATIO OF FETAL SIZE : 1/7 th of baby’s birthweight ( Haeussner et al 2023) 40 COTYLEDONS

5. Examination of the Placenta

6. Why Do We Examine the Placenta? We examine the placenta and membranes shortly after birth to see that the placenta and membranes are complete. Retained placental tissue or membranes may lead to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) or uterine infection. The placenta also gives us information about the intrauterine environment and the well-being of the baby.

7. Fetal Side of the Placenta Appearance: The fetal surface of the placenta should be shiny, gray and translucent enough that the color of the underlying maroon villous tissue may be seen. How to Examine: Lift the placenta by the cord, the membranes can be observed, and the hole seen where the baby has passed through the membranes. Check both membranes are present by separating the amnion from the chorion. Note any vessels or placental tissue in the membranes. Turn the placenta over to examine the maternal surface .

8. The maternal Side of the Placenta Appearance: The maternal surface of the placenta should be dark maroon in color and should be divided into lobules or cotyledons. How to Examine: Place the placenta on a flat surface. The structure should appear complete. Ensure all the cotyledons are present, fit together, without gaps and with a uniform edge. Reposition any broken cotyledons and observe for completeness.

9. MEmBRANES TWO MEMBRANES: CHORION AND AMNION CHORION:- 1) Outer membrane. 2) Continues with the edge of the placenta. Derived from trophoblast. Opaque, friable and roughened by pieces of decidua adherent to it. This membrane lines the uterine cavity.

10. Amnion:- Inner membrane. Can be stripped back to insertion of the cord. Derived from inner cell mass. Smooth, transparent and stronger than the chorion. Secretes amniotic fluid/ liquor ( amni ) which, at term, measures 1000-1500 ml .

11. Examination of the Placenta Note the size, shape, colour and smell. A placenta has little odour , but if infection is present, it may smell offensive. Look to see if any additional/Succenturiate lobes are visible in the membranes. Note fatty deposits, infarctions (localized tissue death), or grey, gritty calcification (lime salt deposits). Although of interest, these are not of clinical significance.

12. Examination of the umbilical cord . The umbilical cord should be assessed for: length insertion number of vessels knots

13. umbilical cord Connects the placenta to the fetus. 50cms long and 2cm thick. Three blood vessels :- One vein – oxygen blood to fetus. Two arteries – deoxygen from the fetus . Jelly like substance ( wharton’s jelly), Reducing the risk of compression in utero . Insertion : 1) Velamentous placenta 2) Battle dore placenta Knots : True knot and false knot

14. Velamentous Insertion

15. Umbilical Cord with Knot

16. Role and responsibilities of Nurse These can be summarized as :- Undertaking the examination of the placenta correctly. Recognizing the normal, identifying deviations and instigating referral. Obtaining cord blood when required. Appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Appropriate record keeping.

17. Research Evidences: 1) Pathological examination of the placenta and its benefits in treatment plans or follow-up patients. 2) Practice of placenta submission for Histopathological examination.