Learners with different mental abilities

Mental ability, Learners with different mental abilities- intelligence, emotional intelligence and creativity: their concept, nature, and assessment. categorization of learner

1. Learners With Different Mental Abilities Sita Majhi Integrated B.Ed - M.Ed Student Sambalpur University

2. Mental Ability The power to learn or retain knowledge. Mental ability can be referred to as human intelligence or an individual ability to constructively solve problems in the environment without much instruction or assistance from another individual. Measurement of mental ability of students is a process of measuring the intelligence or cognitive ability of an individual because the brain has different compartments, each hogged to a specific ability upon which a test can be measured. The mental ability of any student can be measured by conducting cognitive ability tests. Cognitive ability tests assess abilities that involved thinking (e.g. reasoning, perception, memory, verbal and mathematical ability, and problem solving).

3. Type of Mental Abilities Primary mental abilities Verbal comprehension Number facility Perceptual speed Word fluency Secondary mental abilities Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence Auditory organization ability

4. INTELLIGENCE Intelligence is the ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. Intelligence is important because it has an impact on many human behavior's. The intelligence quotient (IQ) is a measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age. Intelligence is improved by education and may be hindered by environmental factors such as poverty. There is no universally accepted definition of intelligence. Its nature and origin are elusive, creating a long history of disagreement to which where it was constituted. However, many definitions of intelligence emphasize the ability to think abstractly, the ability to learn, and the ability to adapt to the environment. 

5. Concept Of Intelligence Ability to Adjust According to this group, intelligence is general mental adaptability to new problems and new situations of life. Binet  (1905): “Intelligence is the ability of an individual to direct his behavior towards a goal”. Ability to Learn This group of definitions of Intelligence stresses the ability to learn. The more intelligent the person, the more readily and extensively he is able to learn and enlarge his field of activity and experience is the key words of these definitions. Buckingham  (1921) “Intelligence is the learning ability.” Ability to do abstract reasoning This group of definitions maintains that intelligence is the ability to carry on abstract thinking. This implies the effective use of ideas and efficiency in dealing with symbols, specially numerical and verbal symbols. P. E. Vernon  (1927): “Intelligence is an all round thinking capacity or mental deficiency.” Operational Definition Boring (1948):”Intelligence is what intelligence tests.”

6. Nature Of Intelligence Intelligence is inherited Intelligence is influenced by environment factors Intelligence has no sex differences Intelligence has no racial or cultural differences Intelligence can be recognized in three broad areas Abstract Intelligence  Mechanical Intelligence  Social Intelligence 

7. Assessment Of Intelligence  Intelligence tests Intelligence tests attempt to measure your intelligence—that is, your basic ability to understand the world around you, assimilate its functioning, and apply this knowledge to enhance the quality of your life. Intelligence tests are psychological tests that are designed to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgment. Alfred Binet developed the first widely accepted test of intelligence in the early 1900s.

8. Types of Intelligence Tests Intelligence tests are of several types. On the basis of their administration procedure, Individual or Group Tests O n the basis of the nature of items used, Verbal, Non-Verbal, or Performance Tests Depending upon the extent to which an intelligence test favor's one culture over another Culture-Fair or Culture-Biased Tests

9. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions. It is the feeling side of intelligence. In simple terms, emotional intelligence refers to the ability to process emotional information accurately and efficiently. This concept was first introduced by Salovey and Mayer who considered emotional intelligence as “ the ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use the information to guide one’s thinking and actions.” Emotional Quotient (EQ) is used to express emotional intelligence in the same way as IQ is used to express intelligence.

10. Concept Of Emotional intelligence Peter Salovey, Yale psychologist and John Mayer, social-emotional expert  were one of the first people to coin the term ‘Emotional Intelligence(EI)’ in 1990. The concept of emotional intelligence popularized by the American psychologist Daniel Goleman(1995). John D Mayer and Peter Salovey(1995) defined it, as the capacity to reason with emotion in four areas; to perceive emotion, to integrate it in thought, to understand it and manage it. According to Yettalnutenschlager(1997) of USA emotional intelligence and emotionally intelligent person must become proficient in four ways of emotional intelligence, i.e. awareness, acceptance, attitude and action

11. Nature Of Emotional intelligence Identification of emotion Perception of emotion Expression of emotion Facilitation of emotional thought Understanding of emotion Management of emotion

12. Assessment Of Emotional intelligence There are three general ways to measure emotional intelligence: Self-Report, Other-Report and Ability measures. Self-Report : Self-report is the most common way to measure things such as personality traits. Personality traits include warmth, empathy, anxiety and so on.  Other-Report : If Emotional Intelligence is all about people skills, why not ask other people what they think of us? On the face of it, this seems to be a legitimate means of testing emotional intelligence. But let's take a closer look at this method, called Observer Ratings, and in human resources, 360-Degree Assessment. Ability measures : Emotional Intelligence is a set of skills or abilities. They can be measured just like other skills or other abilities. An Emotional Intelligence ability test  test the skills.

13. MULTIFACTOR EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE (MEIS) The MEIS is an ability test, which we believe is the best way to measure Emotional Intelligence.  It is also, we believe, the first and the  only ability test of emotional intelligence  on the market. The MEIS, developed by Dr. Jack Mayer, Dr. Peter Salovey, and Dr. David Caruso, consists of a number of different parts. The MEIS measures the four branches of emotional intelligence, based upon the theory developed by Drs. Mayer and Salovey: Identifying Emotions  - the ability to recognize how you and those around you are feeling. Using Emotions  - the ability to an generate emotion, and then reason with this emotion. Understanding Emotions  - the ability to understand complex emotions and emotional "chains", how emotions transition from one stage to another. Managing Emotions  - the ability which allows you to manage emotions in your self and in others.

14. CREATIVITY Creativity can be described as the capacity or ability of an individual to create, discover or produce a new, novel idea or objects, including the rearrangement or reshaping of what is already known to him, which proves to be a unique personal experience. Creativity is marked by the ability or power to create-to-bring into existence, to invest with a new form, to produce through imaginative skill, to make or bring into existence something new. Creativity tests may be used in the identification of the creative in the same way as intelligence test is used for the assessment of intelligence.

15. Concept Of Creativity is situated in a process, a product, or a person, there is agreement about creative work involving both the concepts new and useful ( Petrowski , 2000). Creativity means a belief in new ideas and making them into reality in the forms of new products or services providing by organizations in the marketplace (Kilroy, 1999). It is based on novel and useful ideas, regardless of the type of these ideas, the reasons behind their production or the commencing point of the process (Unsworth, 2001). Creativity can be seen as a mental process which produces novel and useful concepts or ideas, or it could be innovative relationships between existing ideas or concepts ( Houran & Ference , 2006).

16. Nature and Characteristics of Creativity It is universal (individual, cast, color, creed, age, location, culture) It produces something new or novel It is adventurous and open thinking It cannot be separated from intelligence No positive correlation between Creativity and Intelligence Creativity and anxiety often go together It carries ego involvement It is innate as well as acquired

17. Assessment Of Creativity Creativity tests Creativity tests may be used in the identification of the creative in the same way as intelligence test is used for the assessment of intelligence. Creativity tests are typically divided into four main components: Divergent thinking Convergent thinking Artistic assessments Self assessments.

18. Divergent thinking: Divergent thinking is the ability to consciously generate new ideas that branch out to many possible solutions for a given problem. These solutions or responses are then scored on four components: * Originality * Fluency * Flexibility * Elaboration Convergent thinking: Convergent thinking is the ability to correctly hone in the single correct solution to a problem. In creativity convergent thinking often requires taking a novel approach to the problem, seeing the problem from a different perspective or making a unique association between parts of the problem. Theses solutions are scored either correct or incorrect .

19. Artistic assessments : Artistic assessments are the evaluations of an artistic product (e.g., painting, story, poem, musical composition, collage, drawing etc.). Evaluations are typically done by two or more judges that must be in near agreement on the creativity of the product Self assessments: Self assessments are person's responses to the amount of creativity a personal feels they exhibit. persons responses to the amount of creativity a person feels they exhibit.

20. Categorization of learners based on mental abilities Fast/Gifted learner Superior/Bright L earners Average Learners Slow L earners

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