LEARNING DISABILITIES AND EXCEPTIONALITIES

Information from Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

1. INCLUSIVITY

2. Review the learning disability and exceptionalities topic; Share insights about inclusivity and; Make a short reflection of our lesson today. OBJECTIVES:

3. the quality of trying to include many different types of people and treat them all fairly and equally. Including and embracing people from various backgrounds. Refers to providing courses, programs, services and activities that offer all learners the same opportunities and experiences WHAT IS INCLUSIVITY?

4. LEARNING DISABILITY AND EXCEPTIONALITY

5. “Success is no accident. It is hard work, perseverance, learning, studying, sacrifice and most of all, love of what you are doing or learning to do. “ —Pele

6. LEARNING DISABILITY VS. EXCEPTIONALITY LEARNING DISABILITY Learning disabilities are problems that affect brain’s ability to receive, process, analyze, or store information. These problems can make it difficult for a student to learn as quickly as someone who isn’t affected by learning disabilities. EXCEPTIONALITY In Special Education, this term refers to an individual or a child who has an exceptionality or has some area of functioning that is considered “significantly different” from an established norm. This definition also includes both students with disabilities and those with special gifts or talents.

7. NATURE AND CAUSES OF LEARNING DISABILITY 01 02 03 HEREDITARY PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY AND BIRTH ACCIDENT AFTER BIRTH Learning disabilities often run in the family. Children with learning disabilities are likely to have parents or other relatives with difficulties. Learning disabilities can result from anomalies in the developing brain, illness or injury, fetal exposure to alcohol or drugs, low birth weight, oxygen deprivation, or by premature or prolonged labor. Learning disabilities can also be caused by head injuries, malnutrition, or by toxic exposure (such as heavy metals or pesticides)

8. TYPES OF LEARNING DISABILITIES

9. DYSLEXIA Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty in reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called reading disability , dyslexia affects areas of the brain that process language.

10. DYSGRAPHIA Dysgraphia is a neurological disorder of written expression that impairs writing ability and fine motor skills . It is a learning disability that affects children and adults, and interferes with practically all aspects of the writing process , including spelling , legibility , word spacing and sizing , and expression .

11. DYSCALCULIA Dyscalculia is a math learning disability that impairs an individual’s ability to learn number-related concepts , perform accurate math calculations , reason and problem solve, and perform other basic math skills. Dyscalculia is sometimes called “number dyslexia” or “math dyslexia.”

12. DYSPRAXIA Dyspraxia is a neurological disorder that impacts an individual’s ability to plan and process motor tasks . Individuals with dyspraxia often have language problems, and sometimes a degree of difficulty with thought and perception. Dyspraxia, however, does not affect the person’s intelligence, although it can cause learning problems in children.

13. LEARNING DISABILITY VS. EXCEPTIONALITY LEARNING DISABILITY Learning disabilities are problems that affect brain’s ability to receive , process , analyze , or store information. These problems can make it difficult for a student to learn as quickly as someone who isn’t affected by learning disabilities. EXCEPTIONALITY In Special Education, this term refers to an individual or a child who has an exceptionality or has some area of functioning that is considered “significantly different” from an established norm . This definition also includes both students with disabilities and those with special gifts or talents.

14. 13 LEGAL CATEGORIES FOR EXCEPTIONALITIES By Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

15. AUTISM DEAFNESS INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY DEAF-BLINDNESS EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE 01 02 03 04 05

16. HEARING IMPAIRMENT ORTHOPEDIC IMPAIRMENT SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY MULTIPLE DISABILITES OTHER HEALTH IMPAIRMENT 06 07 08 09 10

17. TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY SPEECH OR LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT VISUAL IMPAIRMENT 11 12 13

18. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that impacts a child’s development in two core areas: (1) social communication and social interaction and; (2) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests . . 01. THE AUTISM DID YOU KNOW?

19. Signs of social deficits: aversion to displays of affection preference for solitary play 01. THE AUTISM WATCH OUT! For children ages 3 and under: failure to respond to their own name is a red flag disinterest in giving, sharing, or showing objects of interest For older children: difficulty carrying on a reciprocal conversation lack of eye contact difficulty using and reading body language

20. Key behavioral signs: performance of repetitive actions and rituals fixation on minute details to the point of distraction 01. THE AUTISM For children ages 3 and under: ordering toys instead of playing with them For older children: the repetitive behavior can manifest as a consuming interest in a specific topic or object

21. is a condition in which the combination of hearing and visual losses in children and youth cause “such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness" [34 CFR 300.8(c)(2)] 02. THE DEAF-BLINDNESS

22. IDEA defines emotional disturbance as follows: “…a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child’s educational performance: 03. THE EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE

23. (A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. (B) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. (C) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. (D) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. (E) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems.” 03. THE EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE As defined by IDEA, emotional disturbance includes schizophrenia but does not apply to children who are socially maladjusted, unless it is determined that they have an emotional disturbance.

24. A hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing; with or without amplification that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. 04. THE DEAFNESS

25. Intellectual Disability (ID), once called mental retardation , is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, but they learn them more slowly. There are varying degrees of intellectual disability, from mild to profound. 05. THE INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

26. An impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness. 06. THE HEARING IMPAIRMENT

27. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act’s (IDEA), multiple disabilities refers to “concomitant [simultaneous] impairments (such as intellectual disability-blindness, intellectual disability-orthopedic impairment, etc.), the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in a special education program solely for one of the impairments. The term does not include deaf-blindness.” 07. THE MULTIPLE DISABILITIES

28. An orthopedic impairment is defined as a bone-, joint-, or muscle-related disability that is so severe that it negatively affects a child’s educational performance. The causes of orthopedic impairment range from genetic abnormalities (such as those that cause a missing arm or leg) to disorders like cerebral palsy, as well as other issues. Sometimes orthopedic impairments are called physical disabilities or included in the category of "other health impairments." 08. THE ORTHOPEDIC IMPAIRMENT

29. An umbrella term, “other health impairment” (OHI) encompasses a range of conditions. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) names several such disorders in OHI’s official definition: “having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that— (a) is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis [a kidney disorder], rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, and Tourette syndrome; and (b) adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” 09. OTHER HEALTH IMPAIRMENT

30. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines a specific learning disability as “a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations.” This disability category includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities , brain injury , minimal brain dysfunction , dyslexia and developmental aphasia (a type of language disorder). 10. THE SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY

31. However, as IDEA’s definition notes, “Specific Learning Disability DOES NOT include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; of intellectual disability; of emotional disturbance; or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.” This clause helps to distinguish learning disabilities from the other disability categories specified by IDEA. Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) is by far the largest category of disability within the Individuals for Disabilities Education Act. Nearly half of all disabled children are labeled in the category of SLD. 10. THE SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY

32. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) officially defines speech and language impairments as “a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” 11. THE SPEECH OR LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

33. Each point within this official definition represents a speech and language subcategory. “A communication disorder such as stuttering” provides an example of a fluency disorder; other fluency issues include unusual word repetition and hesitant speech. “Impaired articulation” indicates impairments in which a child experiences challenges in pronouncing specific sounds. “A language impairment” can entail difficulty comprehending words properly, expressing oneself and listening to others. Finally, “a voice impairment” involves difficulty voicing words; for instance, throat issues may cause an abnormally soft voice. 11. THE SPEECH OR LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

34. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) outlines the conditions that fall within this classification, formally defining Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) as “an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.” 12. THE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

35. Regulations implementing IDEA (2004) define visual impairment including blindness as “an impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness” (34 C.F.R. § 300.8(c) (13)) 13. THE VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

36. THANK YOU!!

37. https://childmind.org/guide/guide-to-autism-spectrum-disorder https://www.nationaldb.org/info-center/deaf-blindness-overview/#what-is-deaf-blindness https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/speech-and-language-impairments/#:~:text=The%20Individuals%20with%20Disabilities%20Education,Each%20point%20within%20this%20official https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/multiple-disabilities/ https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-is-orthopedic-impairment-2162506 https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/other-health-impairment/ https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/specific-learning-disabilities/ https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/traumatic-brain-injury LIST OF REFERENCES