Lec 02 GSA Natural disasters and hazards.pptx

This is a very detailed lecture on natural hazards and disasters like floods, tsunami, avalanches, cyclones, forest fire, etc

1. General Science and Ability Lecture # 01 “Welcome to PANACEA INSTITUTE MULTAN” Muhammad Wajid General Science and Ability - CSS ( Lectures no: 2 )

2. Physical Sciences Natural Hazards and Disasters Earthquake Volcanic Eruption Tsunami Floods Avalanche Cyclone Drought Wildfire Urban Fire Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

3. Hazard is an event that has potential for causing injury/ loss of life or damage to property/environment. Disaster is an event that occurs suddenly/unexpectedly in most cases and disrupts the normal course of life in affected area. It results in loss or damage to life, property or environment. This Loss is beyond the coping capacity of local affected population/society. And therefore, requires external help. Hazards and Disaster Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

4. Imagine you are in the desert and earthquake occurs. Is this earthquake a hazard or disaster? Now imagine earthquake in a city. Is this earthquake a hazard or disaster? Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666 Earthquake in desert is a hazard. Since in open desert it does not make in damage to you. No threat to your life. So, it does not become disaster. It remains as a hazard. Earthquake in city is a disaster. There buildings collapse, people die or are injured, normal life is disrupted. This is a disaster situation.

5. 1. Earthquake Seismology Seismograph Seismic Waves Tectonic Plates Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

6. Seismology and Seismograph Seismology , scientific discipline that is concerned with the study of earthquakes and of the propagation of seismic waves within the Earth. Seismograph is a device used to measure and record seismic waves Earthquake is measured by two scales using two parameters: Magnitude : amount of ground shaking, measured in Richter scale Intensity : impact of earthquake on land, measured in Mercalli scale Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

7. What is an earthquake? An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another OR Shaking of earth’s surface caused by rapid movement of earth rocky outer layer, caused by energy stored within earth. Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

8. Earthquake is transmitted to surface by waves Focus is the point of geological fault where an earthquake originates Epicenter is the point on surface above focus Waves are sudden movement that cause vibrations Waves travel in the rocks below surface, called Body waves (travel from earthquake focus in all direction) Surface waves that travel on surface, (Called Rayleigh waves and Love waves, named after their discoverers.) Anatomy of Earthquake Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

9. Causes of Earthquake Plate Tectonics Divergent Convergent Volcanic Activities Local causes Isotactic Adjustment Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

10. The earth has four major layers: Inner core, Outer core, Mantle and Crust The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of Earth, but the skin is not in one piece – it is made up of many pieces like a puzzle covering the surface of the earth These puzzle pieces are tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the plate boundaries . These plates, sliding past one another and bumping into each other . The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults. Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving. Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake. Layers of Earth, Plates and Earthquake Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

11. There are three types of boundaries caused by tectonic plates on Earth First, transform boundaries when two plates slide or grind past each other. Transform boundaries are horizontal movements of plates and do not create or destroy plates . Second, divergent boundaries when two plates create a gap in between each other . Divergent boundaries create ocean basins when plates move apart from one another. Third, c onvergent boundaries when two plates crash towards each other and overlap to form a subduction zone. Plates’ Movement Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

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14. Volcanic activity Cyclic Relation Explosions by volcano, cause low intensity earthquake. Earthquake can also cause volcanic eruption Volcanic Eruption- Movement of Magma Earthquake- Movement of Plates Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

15. Isostatic adjustment : adjustment of waterbodies or earth crust cause plates to tilt, this cause earthquakes Local causes : man- made like explosions or landslides, mining, atomic tests etc. Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

16. Pakistan lies in seismic belt Mountain ranges: koh- e-sultan,hindu kush, korakaoram etc Areas: N- areas, Chitral, Kashmir, KPK, D.G khan, Quetta, Sibi, Makran History: 1935 Quetta (biggest in subcontinent) 1945 Makran 1976 N- areas 2005 Kashmir (biggest in Pakistan) Pakistan Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

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19. 2. Volcanic Eruptions

20. A Volcano is an opening or rupture in the earth’s surface that allows magma (hot liquid and semi- liquid rock), volcanic ash and gases to escape. They are generally found where tectonic plates come together or separate, but they can also occur in the middle of plates due to volcanic hotspots. Magma versus Lava A volcanic eruption is when lava and gas are released from a volcano— sometimes explosively. Volcanoes are closely associated with plate tectonic activity. ( Cyclic Relation ) Why volcanoes erupt? Earth is made of three basic layers i.e crust, or outer layer, mantle or inner core. Mantle is made of molten material and gases. Molten material with high pressure gases is called magma . Extreme pressure of magma cause opening or weak points on crust, and magma erupts out as lava. Magma=silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, magnese with temperature=2200F/1200C . Volcano Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

21. A volcano is a land-form, a mountain, where molten rocks erupt through the surface of the planet. The volcano mountain opens downwards to a pool of molten rocks below the surface of the earth. When the pressure builds up in the earth’s crust, eruptions occur. Gasses and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. The volcano eruption can cause lateral blasts, hot ash and lava flow, mudslides, and more. Volcanoes are categorized into three main categories: Active Dormant Extinct Categories of Volcanoes Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

22. An active volcano is one which has recently erupted and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one that has not erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can erupt in the future. An extinct volcano is one which has erupted thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of an eruption. Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

23. The power of eruptions is measured using the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) , The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is a scale that describes the size of explosive volcanic eruptions based on magnitude and intensity, generally analogous to the Richter and other magnitude scales for the size of earthquakes. VEI, a classification system developed in the 1980 that's similar to the magnitude scale for earthquakes. The scale goes from 1 to 8, and each succeeding VEI is 10 times greater than the last. Measurement of the Power of eruptions Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

24. Ring of Fire Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

25. The Ring of Fire, also referred to as the Circum- Pacific Belt , is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes . The majority of Earth’s volcanoes and earthquakes take place along the Ring of Fire. Its length is approximately 40,000 kilometers (24,900 miles). Seventy- five percent of Earth’s volcanoes — more than 450 volcanoes— are located along the Ring of Fire . Ninety percent of Earth’s earthquakes occur along its path. The abundance of volcanoes and earthquakes along the Ring of Fire is caused by the amount of movement of tectonic plates in the area. Ring of Fire Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

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28. Volcanoes are frequently classified by their size and shape , but they can also be classified by their eruptive habits . In general, eruptions can be categorized as either effusive or explosive . Effusive eruptions involve the outpouring of basaltic magma that is relatively low in viscosity and in gas content . Explosive eruptions generally involve magma that is more viscous and has a higher gas content . Such magma is often shattered into pyroclastic fragments by explosive gas expansion during an eruption. In more- detailed classification schemes based on character of eruption, volcanic activity and volcanic areas are commonly divided into four major types. Types of Volcanoes Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

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30. 1. Shield Volcano : fluid volcano, flowing lava. Have multiple vents or fractures, does not pile up. Examples: Mount Kilavea and Mauna Lao in Hawaii Lava dome : less viscous lava. Hardens sooner. Pile up around vent and dome grows. Have steep walls Cinder Cone : most common, cause ejection of fragments, ash around vent. Height of cone depends on amount of lava. Have crater at the middle of the vent. Example: Paricutim, Mexico Composite/ Stratovolcano : awesome in nature. Rise 8000 ft. Seen as massive mountains. Formed by alternate ash layers, rock, lava, dust thus named composite, also known as strato volcanoes. High viscous lava. Multiple openings Example: Mount Fuji in Japan Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

31. Effects Can have both positive and negative effects Can destroy life, property, human settlements Effects on environment, stratosphere, ozone, landscapes and natural sceneries Provide extraordinary sceneries, attract tourists, economic activites. Provide geothermal energy, can provide nutrients to soil, good for agricultural related activites. Clearly the destructive potential of volcanoes is tremendous. But the risk to people living nearby can be reduced significantly by assessing volcanic hazards , monitoring volcanic activity and forecasting eruptions , and instituting procedures for evacuating populations . In addition, volcanism affects humankind in beneficial ways. Volcanism provides beautiful scenery , fertile soils , valuable mineral deposits, and geothermal energy . Over geologic time, volcanoes recycle Earth’s hydrosphere and atmosphere. Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

32. Notable Eruptions Novarupta — Alaska, 1912 Mount Pinatubo — Philippines, 1991- j ust 50 miles northwest of Manila lies Mount Pinatubo, which had such a powerful eruption in 1991 that the widespread plumes were thought to be responsible for dropping the earth’s temperature by about one degree (Fahrenheit) the following year. Overall, 49 volcanoes were in continuing eruption status as of 17 August 2023. Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666

33. Avalanche Panacea Institute CSS Multan Tehsil Chowk, Main Bosan Road beside Shell Petrol Pump, Multan 03008070666 4 . Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

34. Avalanche A mass of snow, often mixed with ice and debris(broken pieces),that travel down the mountain with destruction . Size can be small or large Speed=130 km/hr Can destroy forests and villages Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

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36. Types Loose snow avalanche Slab avalanche Powder snow avalanche Wet snow avalanche etc Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

37. Loose Snow Avalanche Common on steep slopes. Caused by fresh snow Made more loose by sunlight Have single point origin Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

38. Slab Avalanche Loose snow avalanche can generate slab avalanche Large blocks/slabs of ice fall down Cause great destruction Powder snow Avalanche mixture of all other types of avalanche .bottom part is slab +s now and upper part is cloud of powder snow Speed=190miles/hr Wet snow Avalanche very dangerous .travel slowly due to friction. collect debris in path .initially comprise of water and snow Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

39. Causes Both man- made and natural Natural Global Warming Snowstorms and high velocity winds Heavy snowfall Earthquake, vibration, vehicle movements Steep slope of mountains and high temperature of sunlight Man-made Human activities like winter sports, explosions and Deforestation Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

40. Effects & Prediction Damage to life and property Flash flooding Disruption of economic activity (Tourism, Trade) Prediction: by experienced avalanche forecasters, by collecting field data. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

41. Avalanches in Pakistan April, 2012 at Siachen Glacier. Pak army HQ was hit by avalanche at 15000ft. 130 army men were killed Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

42. Landslides 5. Land Sliding

43. Landslides Downward movement of rock and soil debris, detached from slope Causes Erosion: slopes of soil from mountain falls Glaciers: landslide in glaciers. Ice melts and fall Earthquake: shakes the layer of soil to fall Volcanoes: causes unstable slopes to develop Heavy machine vibrations and deforestations Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

44. Occurrence At high risk terrain, mountainous areas, high slopes e.g mountain ranges Lake in Attabad (District Hunza in Gilgit−Baltistan, Pakistan ) was formed by landslides in 2010 Landslides at Karimabad on Jan 4, 2010, killed 20 people Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

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47. 5. Flood Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

48. Floods High water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks or dry lands. Floods are the second- most widespread natural disaster on Earth, after wildfires. A flood can develop in a many ways. Generally, floods take hours or even days to develop, giving residents time to prepare or evacuate. Sometimes, floods develop quickly and with little warning. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

49. Why flood occurs? Excessive run off by heavy rains, deforestation, snow melt, hurricanes, tropical storms, long spells of rains, dam failure, poor irrigation system. Poor urbanization and clogging of streams Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

50. Types of floods Flash floods Rapid onset Riverine Floods Coastal flooding Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

51. Flash floods Occur in very short time (2- 6 hr) Result of heavy rain, dam failure or snow melt No warning or preaparations Most destructive and fatal Rapid Onset Similar to flash floods, but takes longer to develop and last a day. Very destructive, but does not surprise people Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

52. Riverine floods When rivers or streams overflow their banks. These floods are called riverine floods. Heavy rain, a broken dam, rapid ice melt in the mountains, can overwhelm a river and send it spreading over nearby land. Coastal flooding , also called estuarine flooding, happens when a large storm or tsunami causes the sea to rush inland. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

53. Flood versus Flash flooding Flood An overflow of water onto normally dry land. Flooding is a longer term event than flash flooding Flash flood A flood caused by heavy or excessive rainfall Short period of time, generally less than 6 hours. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

54. Effects Economic: infrastructure, property, agriculture, migration Environmental: Degradation, chemical spillage, nuclear disaster ( Japan 2011 ), March 11, 2011: A magnitude 9.0 earthquake strikes off the coast of northeastern Japan, triggering a towering tsunami that smashed into the Fukushima nuclear plant, knocking out power and cooling systems and triggering meltdowns in three reactors. Flora and Fauna Water and electric supply disruption Diseases: like pneumonic plague, etc Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

55. Prevention & Control Monitoring &Forecasting Disaster management program S ea or coastal defence wall Retaining walls on water ways Forestation to reduce erosion and speed reduction Planned urbanization Building dams and small reserviors Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

56. The Southeast Asia region alone makes up more than two- thirds of the global population exposed to flooding risk at 1.24 billion people. China and India account for 395 million and 390 million people, respectively, with both nations at the top in terms of the absolute number of people at risk of rising water levels. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

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58. Major Floods in Pakistan The first recorded super flood was witnessed in 1950, followed by 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1995 and then every year since 2010 Floods affected at least 33 million people and killed at least 1,739 from the beginning of monsoon season in mid- June 2022 to Nov. 18, 2022. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

59. 7. Drought Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

60. Drought Lack of insufficiency of rain for an extended period of time, cause hydrologic imbalance, water shortage, crop damage, flow reduction, depletion of ground water and soil moisture. Occurs when evaporation and transpiration exceeds precipitation for a long time Drought= precipitation < evaporation + transpiration (evaporation through plants) Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

61. Kinds Permanent : In driest climates, scarce vegetation/no irrigation Seasonal : in defined rainy and dry seasons, crops develop only in rainy seasons Unpredictable : rainfall failure-occurs in humid and sub- humid climates Invisible =mostly in summers, in high temp. Sometimes frequent showers can not supply enough water Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

62. Causes Lack of rainfall or precipitation Surface water flow dry out, level of waters in dam decrease, irrigation and economic activites decrease amount of water Human factor plays a key role: cutting down trees, increased evaporation cause desertification Global warming increase, avg temp rise in GHG Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

63. Effects Economic : effects include reduction in agri-output, economic shock to farmers, loss to business and industries, bush fires and forest fires. Less electricity production (due to low water in dams), loss of tourism due to dry lakes and ponds Environmental: loss of biodiversity (mixture of all living things), soil depletion, loss of organic matter, drying out of water bodies, loss of aquatic life, destruction of wildlife habitat, desertification, deforestation Social: health problems and viral diseases, hunger, malnutrition and migration . People feel unsafe due to sudden deaths . Depression and anxiety among masses Impacts Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

64. Droughts in Pakistan 1998-2002: regions: Thar, Cholistan, D.G Khan, DI khan, Thal, Balochistan Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

65. 6. Cyclone Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

66. The word cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake and it was coined by Henry Piddington . Tropical cyclone , also called typhoon or hurricane , an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans, and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. Requirements for cyclone are low pressure , wind and heavy rain Speed range=119 km/hr - 320 km/hr When the winds speed is 39 mph (63 kmph), the storm is called a "tropical storm". Whereas when the wind speed reaches 74 mph (119 kmph), the storm is officially a "tropical cyclone" or hurricane . The formation of cyclones takes place in low-pressure areas. Cyclone draws energy from warm ocean surface Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

67. Given that sea surface temperatures need to be at least 80°F (27°C) for tropical cyclones to form, it is unsurprising that they form near the equator. There are seven regions around the world where tropical cyclones are likely to form . Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

68. How are Cyclones Formed? Warm water powers the tropical cyclone and is the most important factor in its development. As water vapor (water in the gaseous state) rises, it cools . This cooling causes the water vapor to condense into liquid , which we see as clouds. In the process of condensation, heat is released. This heat warms the atmosphere, making the air lighter, which then continues to rise. As it does, more air moves in near the surface to take its place , which is the strong wind we feel from these storms. Therefore, once the center of the storm (the "eye") moves over land, it will begin to weaken rapidly, not because of friction, but because the storm lacks the moisture and heat that the ocean provided. This depletion of moisture and heat hurts the tropical cyclone's ability to produce thunderstorms near the storm center. Without this convection, the storm rapidly diminishes. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

69. Tropical cyclones are formed only over warm ocean waters. When warm, moist air over the ocean rises upward from near the surface, a cyclone is formed. When the air rises up and away from the ocean surface, it creates an area of lower air pressure below . It causes the air from surrounding areas with higher pressure to move towards the low-pressure area which further leads to warming up of the air and causes it to rise above. As the warm, moist air rises and cools the water in the air forms clouds. The complete system of clouds and wind spins and grows, along with the ocean's heat and water evaporating from the ocean surface. As the wind system rotates with increasing speed, an eye gets formed in the middle. T he centre of a cyclone is very calm and clear with very low air pressure. The difference of temperature between the warm, rising and the cooler environment causes the air to rise Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

70. Conditions Temp >= 26.5 C Pre existing air circulations Humid atmosphere 500 km away from equator Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

71. Cyclone vs Typhoon vs Tornado vs Hurricane Atlantic ocean + North pacific = Hurricane North pacific = Typhoon Australia + South pacific= Cyclone Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

72. Naming system The practice of naming storms has a long history. Before the 20th century , notable tropical cyclones (also called typhoons or hurricanes, depending on geography) were generally identified by the time when they occurred or the location where they struck. Example : The Great Galveston Hurricane- the hurricane that devastated Galveston, Texas, in 1900, killing 6,000–12,000 people The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have originated with Clement Wragge , an Australian meteorologist who in the 1890s entertained himself by naming storms after women, mythical figures, and politicians that he didn’t like. The modern system of using personal names developed during World War II. Short and quickly understood, names were easier to transmit over the radio and easier to keep straight if there was more than one storm in a given area. The system was formalized in 1953 when the National Weather Service put together an alphabetical list of female names to be used for storms in the Atlantic basin. Male names were added to the list in 1979 when women’s groups pointed out the sexism of using only female names. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

73. Impacts The Effects of Cyclones include loss of human life, animal and marine life damage , a negative impact on the tourism industry, economic losses, and an overall impact on people’s social well- being. Storm surge, flooding, extreme winds, tornadoes and lighting . Combined, these hazards interact with one another and substantially increase the potential for loss of life and material damage. Destruction of life, property and environment.

74. Pakistani Scenario Pakistan has a coastline of 1,046 kilometres along the Arabian Sea, which is typically prone to cyclones just before and after the monsoon season, lasting from July to September.along coastal regions in Balochistan and Sindh 1964: Cyclone 02A- caused significant damage in Hyderabad and Tharparkar. It also impacted the lives of 400,000 and caused damage worth $4,100,000. 1999: Cyclone 2A- From May 20 to 22, 1999, the cities of Thatta, Umer Kot, Mirpur, Badin, Hyderabad, and Tharparker were hit by Cyclone 2A. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

75. 2007: Cyclone Yemyin- made its landfall along the Makran coast near Ormara and Pasni in Balochistan. Although the cyclone avoided Karachi, the city received 33mm of rainfall, accompanied by strong winds — a violent duststorm killed over 200 people and left the city in chaos. In June 2007, tropical Cyclone Gonu — the most intense Arabian Sea storm on record — made landfall first in Oman, before moving onto southern Iran. The super tropical Cyclone Phet (a Thai word that means diamond ) emerged in a low-pressure area in the central Arabian Sea and intensified into a tropical cyclone on June 1, 2010. Initially, it was located at a distance of 1,100 km south-southwest of Karachi but then it moved towards the coast at a speed of 6 knots Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

76. 2014: Cyclone Nilofer 2019: Cyclone Kyarr 2021: Cylone Teuktae 2021: Cyclone Shaheen 2023: Cyclone Biparjoy Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

77. Cyclone Biparjoy Cyclone Biparjoy originated over the Arabian Sea and made landfall between Mandvi in Gujarat and Karachi in Pakistan on 15th June 2023. Biparjoy unexpectedly rapidly intensified and became a Category 3-equivalent cyclone on 11 June. Thousands without power as the severe cyclone makes landfall and heavy rains lash both the Indian and Pakistani coasts . Weather forecasters give each tropical cyclone a name to avoid confusion, according to the World Meteorological Organisation. Cyclone 'Biparjoy' was suggested by Bangladesh and the word means 'disaster' or 'calamity' in Bengali . Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

78. 8. Wild Fire

79. Wild Fire Wildfire , also called wildland fire , uncontrolled fire in a forest, grassland, brushland, or land sown to crops. Wildfires can burn millions of acres of land at shockingly fast speeds, consuming everything in their paths. These rolling flames travel up to 14 miles an hour. Once a fire is burning, drought, heat, and wind all increase its intensity. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

80. How wildfires start Though they are classified by the Environmental Protection Agency as natural disasters , only 10 to 15 percent of wildfires occur on their own in nature. The other 85 to 90 percent result from human causes , including unattended camp and debris fires, discarded cigarettes, and arson. Naturally occurring wildfires can spark during dry weather and droughts. In these conditions, normally green vegetation becomes bone- dry, flammable fuel; strong winds spread fire quickly; and warm temperatures encourage combustion. With these ingredients, the only thing missing is a spark— in the form of lightning , arson, a downed power line, or a burning campfire or cigarette— to wreak havoc. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

81. The Fire Triangle Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

82. Impacts Wildfires are increasing around the globe in frequency, severity and duration, heightening the need to understand the health effects of wildfire exposure. The risk of wildfires grows in extremely dry conditions, such as drought, heat waves and during high winds. Wildfire smoke is a mixture of hazardous air pollutants, such PM 2.5 , NO 2 , ozone, aromatic hydrocarbons, or lead. In addition to contaminating the air with toxic pollutants, wildfires also simultaneously impact the climate by releasing large quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. With climate change leading to warmer temperatures and drier conditions and the increasing urbanization of rural areas, the fire season is starting earlier and ending later. Wildfire events are getting more extreme in terms of acres burned, duration and intensity, and they can disrupt transportation, communications, water supply, and power and gas services. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

83. Benefits of Wildfires Although they can be dangerous to humans, naturally occurring wildfires play an integral role in nature. By burning dead or decaying matter, they can return otherwise trapped nutrients to the soil. They also act as a disinfectant, removing disease-ridden plants and harmful insects from an ecosystem. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80 70 666 for CSS | PMS | FPSC | PPSC & All Competitive Exams

84. Panacea Institute Multan 0300 80-70- 666