Lec 1_ Introduction. Electronic engineering2.pptx

Electronics

1. Introduction Review on Circuits Basics Assistant Professor: Nabila Elsawy Electronics and C ommunications Engineering department Faculty of Engineering Zagazig University ECE 123 Electronic Engineering 2 (1 st Year – ECE) 2 nd Semester 2024/2025 1

2. Introduction 2 ENIAC, U.S. Army, 1946 Size → Large hall (> 150 ) Power Consumption ≈ 150kW   Smart phone Size → Your pocket Power consumption < 1W

3. Electronics All Around Us 3

4. Transistor Evolution 4 First transistor Contacts separation ≈ 100 μ m Bell Labs, 1947 Trigate Transistor Fin width ≈ 8nm Intel, 2015

5. Integrated Circuit Evolution 5 First IC Only one transistor (+ R + C)! Texas Instruments (TI), 1958 Quad-core CPU > transistors! Intel, 2017  

6. Sensing Microsystems 6 First accelerometer B&K, 1940s Simple bulky transducer Acceleration → Voltage ADXL350 Analog Devices, 2012 Complete system on a tiny chip 3-axis MEMS* accelerometer Interface electronics Analog-to-digital conversion Memory Control logic Power management Digital interface * MEMS = Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

7. What is an Integrated Circuit (IC )? 7 Various circuit elements: transistors, capacitors, resistors, and even small inductances can be integrated on one chip Discrete component Integrated Circuit

8. Discrete vs. Integrated Electronics 8

9. Analog vs Digital Signals 9 Digital : discrete in time and amplitude Analog: continuous in time and amplitude

10. Why Digital ? 10 Digital circuits are Less sensitive to noise (robust ) Easier to store (digital memories ) Easier to process (digital signal processing: DSP ) Amenable to automated design Amenable to automated testing Direct beneficiary of Moore’s law (down-scaling)

11. Why Analog? 11 All the physical signals are “analog” Voice (mic), light (camera), EM waves (RF/wireless), temperature, pressure, voltage, current , etc. We will always need an “analog” interface to connect the analog and digital worlds Full-custom digital design is done by “analog” designers Analog and digital blocks need power and clock signals generated in the “ analog” world

12. Signal Processing Chain 12

13. Electronic System Example: Wireless Transceiver 13

14. Review on Circuits Basics 14

15. Ohm’s Law 15

16. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) 16 The sum of all currents flowing into a node is zero .

17. Kirchhoff’s Voltages Law ( KVL ) 17 The sum of all voltage drops around any closed loop is zero

18. Resistor Combinations 18

19. Voltage and Current Dividers 19 Voltage divider → the largest resistor takes most of the voltage Current divider → the smallest resistor (largest conductance) takes most of the current Remember that current flows in the least resistance path

20. Thevenin Equivalent Circuit 20 Any one port circuit can be replaced by a voltage source and a series impedance

21. Norton Equivalent Circuit 21 Any one port circuit can be replaced by a current source and a parallel impedance

22. Superposition Theorem 22

23. Superposition Theorem 23

24. Capacitance 24 Phasor Notation

25. Capacitance Combinations 25

26. Any Question ??? 26