Lec#1-Introduction to Anatomical Terms and Tissues.pptx

Medical lab technician

1. Introduction to Anatomical Terms and Tissues Beena Gul Department Of Medical Technology

2. Content

3. Anatomy It is a Greek word (Ana-tome): meaning cutting up. “Anatomy" refers to the study of the structure and organization of living organisms. It involves examining the physical components of the body, such as organs, tissues, and systems, to understand their form and relationships.

4. Anatomy Subfields

5. Anatomical Terminology 1. Anatomical Position : Standard position where the body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward. Directional Terms : Superior : Above Inferior : Below Anterior (Ventral) : Front Posterior (Dorsal) : Back Medial : Toward the midline Lateral : Away from the midline Proximal : Closer to the trunk Distal : Further from the trunk

6. Movement Terminology Flexion/Extension: Decrease/Increase in angle between body parts. Abduction/Adduction: Movement away/toward the midline. Rotation: Circular movement around an axis. Elevation/Depression: Moving a body part up/down. Pronation/Supination: Turning palm down/up. Inversion/Eversion: Turning foot sole inward/outward.

7. Organization of the Human Body Cells : Basic unit of life. Tissues : Groups of similar cells performing a common function. Organs : Structures composed of two or more tissue types. Organ Systems : Groups of organs working together for specific functions. Organism : The complete living being.

8. Cell A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are often referred to as the "building blocks of life." Cell Functions Cells perform a wide range of functions, including: Metabolism : Chemical processes that maintain life, including energy production. Reproduction : Cell division processes such as mitosis and meiosis. Communication : Cells communicate with each other through signaling molecules.

9. Tissue Tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function. Tissues are fundamental to the organization of the body and can be classified into four main types: Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue

10. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics : Cells are closely packed with minimal extracellular matrix. Functions : Protection, absorption, secretion, sensation. Location : Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and organs. Classification : Simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers); squamous, cuboidal, columnar based on cell shape.

11. Connective Tissue Characteristics : Abundant extracellular matrix, varying cell types. Functions : Support, binding, storage, transportation (blood). Location : Found throughout the body. Classification : Loose, dense, adipose, cartilage, bone, blood.

12. Muscle Tissue Characteristics : Specialized for contraction; elongated cells. Functions : Movement. Location : Skeletal muscles, heart, walls of hollow organs. Types : Skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), smooth (involuntary).

13. Nervous Tissue Characteristics : Composed of neurons and supporting glial cells. Functions : Communication, control of body functions. Location : Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

14. Organ And Organ System Organ is a part of the body that is made up of cells and tissues that perform a specific function. Examples of organs include the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, kidney, skin, spleen, uterus, and ovary. An organ system is a group of organs that work together in the body to perform a complex function.

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