LEC_10_Week_10_Server_Configuration_in_Linux.pdf

server config in linux

1. System and Network
AdministrationLinuxbased
ITEC3116
ServerConfigurationinLinux
Lecture10

2. RecapofthepreviousLecture
❑WhatisPipe
❑Commands withPipe
❑HowtousefilterinLinux
❑TheconceptofGrepCommand

3. AgendaforToday’sClass
❑ServerConfigurationinLinux
❑Requirements
❑Models

4. NetworkModel
representsthe□Anetworkmodel
architectureofcomputernetwork.
Themostpopularnetworkmodelsare
describedbelow:
❑Client-ServerModel
❑Peer-to-PeerModel
❑HybridModel

5. 1-Client-ServerModel
❑WhatisaClient?
❑WhatisaServer?

6. □Client
Aclientisapieceofhardwareor
softwareusedtocommunicatewithadata
providerbysendingarequest.
□Server
Aserverisapieceofhardwareor
softwarethatmustbecapableofproviding
responsetoaspecifiedrequestorquery.
Client-ServerModel…

7. □Anetworkarchitectureinwhichmanyclients
requestandreceiveservicesfromaserveris
calledClient-Servermodel.
■Usersendsrequesttotheserver
■Serverreceivestherequestfromclientcomputer
andtakes properaction onit.
■Theresultoftherequest(responsefromserver)
issentto theclient.
□TheWorldWideWeb(WWW) usesthis
client/servermodeltoallowmillionsofusers
toaccessWebsitesallovertheworld.
Client-ServerModel….

8. 2-Peer-to-PeerModel
□Anetworkarchitectureinwhichall
computersonthenetworkhaveequal
statusiscalledPeer-to-Peermodel.
□Inpeer-to-peernetwork,thereisno
centralcomputertocontrolother
computersonthenetwork.
□Eachcomputercan
anddevice(orresources)
sharethedata
ofother
computersinthenetwork.

9. 3-HybridNetworkModel
□Thehybrid
combined
networkmodelhas
features of both
Client-Server and peer-2-peer
networkmodels.
■Italsohasoneormoreservers.
■Theuserscanalsosharedataand
resources.
■Eachnodecanstoreitsowndatafiles
andprograms.

10. ServerandWeb-Server
Is there any difference between
ServerandWeb-Server?????

11. Web-Server
□AWebserverisaspecifictypeof
server thatknows how to
communicatewithclientsusingthe
HyperTextTransferProtocol(HTTP).
□Aprotocolisjustastandardsetof
rulesthatallowaclientandserverto
communicate.
□Foraclientandserverto
thecommunicate,theymustspeak
sameprotocol.

12. NetworkConnectionsandPorts
□Toconnecttoaserver,theclientmust
beabletocommunicatewithitover
thenetwork.
□ComputersconnectedtotheInternet
typicallycommunicateusingTCP/IP.
typesof
atalow
□TCP/IPallowsdifferent
computerstocommunicate
level;itisuptoapplications.

13. PortNumber
□Eachservicehasauniquenumber
assignedtoitknownasaportnumber.
□Differentprotocolsworksatdifferentport
number
□Followingisalistofsomewell-known
protocolsandtheirportnumbers:
■FTP
■Telnet
20,21
23
■SMTP(e-mail)25
■HTTP 80

14. LinuxServerTypes
□LinuxInternetServers(web,databases,ftp,DNS)
□LinuxVirtualization(VMware,usermodeLinux)
□LinuxRemoteAccess(openVPN,SSh)
□Linux Security (SSL/TLS encryption, network
monitoring)
□Linux Internal Network Servers (file
server-samba,DHCP,Routing)
□LinuxDistributions(CentOS,Fedora)

15. LinuxWeb-Server
□WeknowthatLinuxOperatingSystem
isanOpenSourceoperatingsystem.
□WeuseApacheasaweb-serverfor
Linux.
□Nginx(pronounced"engineX")isthe
secondmostpopularopensourceweb
server.
□Lighttpd(pronounced"lighty")isthe
thirdmostpopularopensourceweb
server.

16. ApacheWebServer
□Releasedin1995,mostpopularwebserver
acrosstheentireWorldWideWeb.
□Currentlyusedaround60%ofwebdomains.
□Common languagessupportedbythe
ApacheserverincludePerl,Python,andPHP
etc.
□Corefunctionalityoftheservercanbe
extendedwithmodules
□ addserver-sideprogramming language
support,authenticationschemes,andother
features.

17. NginxWebServer
□LightweightHTTPserve.
□ServeasareverseproxyandIMAP/POP3
proxyserver.
□Handletenthousandclientssimultaneously.
□More scalable and uses less, and more
predictable,amountsofmemory.
□Supports name-based and IP-based virtual
servers,keep-aliveandpipelinedconnections.
□Reconfiguredandupgradedonlinewithout
interruptionoftheclientprocessing.

18. LighttpdWebServer
speed-critical
remaining
secure and
□Optimized for
environments while
standards-compliant,
flexible.
□Handle10,000connectionsinparallel
ononeserver.
□Verylowmemoryfootprintcompared
tootherwebserversandtakescareof
cpu-load.

19. WhyApache..??
□Anopensourcewebserver.
□MostlyforUnix,LinuxandSolaris
platforms.
□Apacheisthemostpopularwebserver
onthe net.
□Itisverysecure,fast,andreliable.
□Thename"Apache"derivesfromthe
word"patchy“thattheApache
developersusedtodescribeearly
versionsoftheirsoftware.

20. FeaturesofApache
Implementsmanyfrequentlyrequestedfeatures,including:
□DBMdatabasesauthentication
□Password and digitalcertificateauthentication
□Customizedresponsestoerrorsandproblems
□SupportGraphicaluserinterfaces(GUIs)
□SupportVirtualHosts
□Support Handling of static files, index files,
auto-indexingandcontentnegotiation
□It is Highly scalable (easily handles more than 10,000
simultaneousconnections)
□It has been tested thoroughly by both developers and
users.
Apache…

21. ApacheWeb-Server
□Apacheisaprocess-basedserver,unlike
manyofitsrivalsthatareevent-basedor
asynchronousinnature.
■Inaprocess-basedserver,
eachsimultaneousconnectionrequiresaseparate
threadandthisincurssignificantoverhead.
■Anasynchronousserver,ontheotherhand,is
event-drivenandhandlesrequestsinasingleor
veryfewthreads.
□ApacheisfrequentlycomparedtoMSWord–
anextremelyfeature-richapplicationinwhich
90%ofusersonlyuseabout10%ofthe
featuresonaregularbasis.

22. □ItprovidesafullrangeofWeb
server features, including
CGI(Common GatewayInterface),
SSL(SecureSocketLayer),and
virtualdomains.
□Italsosupportsplug-inmodulesfor
extensibility.
ApacheWeb-Server…

23. NetworkModel
representsthe□Anetworkmodel
architectureofcomputernetwork.
Themostpopularnetworkmodelsare
describedbelow:
❑Client-ServerModel
❑Peer-to-PeerModel
❑HybridModel

24. TheHTTPalsoincludes
❑ARP(AddressResolutionProtocol)
❑DHCP(DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol)
❑FTP(FileTransferProtocol)
HTTP(HyperTextTransfer
Protocol)

25. ARP
ARPconvertsanInternetProtocol
(IP)addresstoitscorresponding
physicalnetworkaddress.
□ARPisalow-levelnetworkprotocol,
operatingatLayer2oftheOSI
model.
□ARPisimplemented usuallyinthe
devicedriversofnetworkoperating
systems.
□Itismostcommonly seenonEthernet
networks, Token Ring,andother
physicalnetworks.

26. DHCP
□DHCPallowsacomputertojoinan
IP-basednetworkwithouthavinga
pre-configuredIPaddress.
□DHCPisaprotocolthatassigns
uniqueIPaddressestodevices,then
releasesandrenewstheseaddresses
asdevicesleaveandre-jointhe
network.

27. FTP(FileTransferProtocol)
betweentwocomputerson
□FTPallowsyoutotransferfiles
the
Internet.
□FTPisasimplenetworkprotocol
basedonInternetProtocol.

28. SSL(SecureSocketLayer)
□SSLsecuritytechnologyhelpstoimprove
thesafetyofInternetcommunications.
□SSL is
client/servercommunication
astandardforencrypted
between
networkdevices.
TCP/IP.
□Anetworkprotocol,SSLrunsontopof
□SSLutilizesseveralstandardnetwork
securitytechniquesincludingpublickeys,
symmetrickeys,andcertificates.
□Websitescommonly useSSLtoguard
privateinformationsuchascreditcard
numbers.

29. Requirements
□RequirementsToConfigureApache:
InstallType CPU RAM HardDriveSpace
Server(Standard) 1GHz 512MB 1.5GB
Server(Minimal) 300MHz 384MB 150MB

30. WhyServerEdition??
□TheServerEditionprovidesa
commonbaseforallsortsofserver
applications.
□Simpledesignprovidingplatformfor
thedesiredservices,suchasfile/print
services,webhosting,emailhosting,
etc.

31. Difference b/w Server &
Desktop Edition
□Thereareafewdifferencesbetweenthe
UbuntuServerEditionandtheUbuntu
DesktopEdition.
□Itshouldbenotedthatbotheditionsusethe
sameaptrepositories,makingitjustaseasy
toinstallaserverapplicationontheDesktop
EditionasitisontheServerEdition.
□Thedifferencebetweenthetwoeditionsare
thelackofanXwindowenvironmentinthe
ServerEditionandtheinstallationprocess.

32. DefinitionofNetwork
Anetworkisasetofcomputersconnectedtogetherforthepurposeofsharing
resources.Themostcommonresourcesharedtodayisconnectiontothe
Internet.Othersharedresourcescanincludeaprinterorafileserver.

33. TypesofNetworks
Therearemanytypesofcomputernetworks,includingthefollowing:
Local-areanetworks(LANs):Thecomputersaregeographicallyclosetogether
(thatis, in the same building).
Home-areanetworks(HANs):Anetworkcontainedwithinauser'shomethat
connectsaperson's digital devices.
Campus-areanetworks(CANs):Thecomputersarewithinalimitedgeographic
area,such asacampus ormilitary base.
Metropolitan-areanetworksMANs):Adatanetworkdesignedforatownorcity.
Wide-areanetworks(WANs):Thecomputersarefartherapartandare
connectedby telephone lines orradio waves.

34. NetworkManagement
❑Networkmanagementistheprocessofadministeringandmanagingcomputer
networks.Various services providedby this disciplineinclude:
❑faultanalysis,
❑performancemanagement,
❑provisioningofnetworks,
❑maintainingthequalityofservice,andsoon.

35. NetworkManagementRequirements
FCAPS isaNetworkManagementModelbyISOthatdefinesRequirements.
FaultManagement
Configuration of Network
Accounting Management
PerformanceManagement
SecurityManagement
Reference:https://www.cisco.com/networkers/nw04/presos/docs/NMS-1N01.pdf

36. FaultManagement
Tomaintainproperoperationofanetwork,weneedtoresolvethefaultsas
soonaspossible. We need todetermine
▪Determineexactlywherethefaultis.
▪Isolatetherestofthenetworkfromthefailuresothatitcancontinueto
functionwithout interference.
▪Reconfigureormodifythenetworkinsuchawayastominimizetheimpact
of operationwithout the failedcomponent or components.
▪Repairorreplacethefailedcomponentstorestorethenetworktoits
initial state.

37. ProcessofFaultManagement

38. FaultManagementSoftware
PRTGPaesslerRouterTrafficGrapher.
It can monitor routers, switches, servers, hardware, software, operating
systems, applications, virtualized environments, websites, Internet & its
protocols, email servers, databases, VoIP and QoS, logs, events, performance,
NetFlow/IPFIX, sFlow, and jFlow, packet sniffing, SNMP, WMI, temperature,
humidity,andmanymore,usingapprox.200predefinedsensortypes.Network
PerformanceMonitorby Solarwinds.

39. AccountingManagement
In an enterprise network, we need to manage the system resources and their
cost.We need to monitor
▪A user or group of users may be abusing their access privileges and burdening
thenetwork atthe expense ofother users.
▪Users may be making inefficient use of the network, and the network manager
canassistin changingprocedures to improveperformance.
▪The network manager is in a better position to plan for network growth if user
activityis known in sufficient detail.

40. AccountingManagementSoftware
PRTGcanalsomonitorServeroverloadsandusersbandwidthusagetocontrol
systemresourcesandcost.
OpenNMSisafreeandopen-sourceenterprisegradenetworkmonitoringand
networkmanagementplatform.Itisdevelopedandsupportedbyacommunityof
usersanddevelopersandbytheOpenNMSGroup.
The goal is for OpenNMS to be a truly distributed, scalable management application
platform for all aspects of the FCAPS network management model whileremaining
100% free andopen source.

41. PerformanceManagement
Anetworkiscomposedofmanycomponentswhichmustintercommunicate
and share data and resources. For their performance, we manage two functions.
“Monitoring”and“Controlling.”
Monitoringisthefunctionthattracksactivitiesonthenetwork.
Controlling function enables performance management to make adjustments to
improvenetwork performance.

42. PerformanceManagement
Some of the performance issues of concern to the network manager are as
follows:
▪Whatisthelevelofcapacityutilization?
▪Isthereexcessivetraffic?
▪Hasthroughputbeenreducedtounacceptablelevels?
▪Aretherebottlenecks?
▪Isresponsetimeincreasing?

43. PerformanceManagementProcess

44. SecurityManagement
Security management is concerned with generating, distributing, and storing
encryptionkeys.
Passwords and other authorization or access control information must be
maintainedanddistributed.
Security management is also concerned with monitoring and controlling access
to computer networks and access to all or part of the network management
informationobtained from the networknodes.

45. SecurityManagement
Logs are an important security tool, and therefore security
management is very much involved with the collection,
storage, and examination of audit records and security logs,
as well as with the enabling and disabling of these logging
facilities.

46. SecurityManagementSoftware
Log&EventManagerbySolarwinds;
Managedeviceconfigurationsandtrackchanges:Backup andrestorenetworkdevice
configurations,andmonitor erroneousor unauthorized changes.
Automatesoftwareupdatestoserversandworkstations:KeepMicrosoft andthird-partyapps onservers
andworkstations upto date, andavoidvulnerabilities.
RemoteMonitoring&Management bySolarwinds;
The web-based console provides integrated patch management, antivirus, web content filtering, backup
andrecovery,remote access,automatedmonitoring andmaintenance.
SecurityManagementbyCheckpoint.
Spiceworks Network Monitor For Real-time monitoring, email alerts, monitor multiple devices in one
dashboard, easy-to-use for WindowsandLinux servers &switches.

47. InstallingUbuntuServer
❑FirstdownloadubuntoserverIdownloaded ubunto
serverfromthe followinglink
❑http://mirrors.nayatel.com/ubuntu -
releases/16.04.3/ubuntu -16.04.3-server-amd64.iso
❑Go to the Virtual Box/ VMware made a new Virtual
Machine and allocate space,ram,processors for Ubunto
Server, Ubunto server needs 2.5GB space so its better
to allocate 10GB for Ubuntu server.
After that setting start the new created Virtual
machine and give the path of the server After
that the following screen will shown in Virtual
Box

48. SelectLanguage

49. Select install Ubuntu Server
and press EnterKey

50. SelectLocation

51. KeyBoardLayout
Selection

52. ServerHostname

53. EnterUserNameusedtobeasserver

54. Enter
Password

55. Select nothere/Not encrypt
your Directory

56. Select Partitioning Method/ Go
for defaultselection

57. Select Yes to write and apply
the changestoharddisk

58. Select the amount of volume group to use for
guided partitioning andentertoContinueand
select yes to write changestodisk

59. No proxy server needed yet
so left blank

60. SelectNoautomaticupdatesand
press enter

61. Press space bar to select
more than oneyouneeded

62. Select Yes to install the GRUB
boot loaderonaharddisk.

63. Finally the Ubuntu server
installation hasbeenfinished
successfully.

64. Configurationof
Ubuntu Server

65. Advantages of
Linux Server

66. Stability
LINUX SERVER Are well known for their ability to run for years
without failure; many Linux servers never seen a crash. That’s great
for usersofEveryKindbut its particularly valuable for small and
medium-sized business for which downtime can have disastrous
consequences.

67. Security
Linuxisalsonaturallymoresecurethan
Windowsiswhetherontheserveroran
embedded environment.That’sdue
largelyfactthatlinuxwhichisbased
onUnixwasdesignedfromthestartto
bemultiuseroperatingsystem.

68. Hardware
Whereas Windows typically requires frequent hardware upgrades to
accommodate its ever-increasing resources demand. Linux is a slim
trimflexible andscalable.

69. TCO
ThereisnobeatingLinuxtotalcostand
ownership sincethe software is
generallyfree.EvenanEnterpriseversion
purchased withcorporatesupportwillbe
cheaperoverallthanwindows orother
proprietary software which generally
involveusersoflicense.

70. Freedom
WITH Linux, There is no commercial vendor trying to lock you into
certain products or protocols. Instead you are free to mix and match
andchoose what worksbest for yourbusiness.

71. VulnerabletoMalware
Because most computer malware are designed to attack Windows
through Active X these odds are considerably less for linux to be
infectedwith avirus thanWindows.

72. DonotSlowdown
Unlikewindows,Linuxdoesnoteasily
become boggeddownwithspyware,
viruses,Trojans,whichcangreatly
reduceacomputer Performance.Also
Linuxdoesnothavearegistrylike
Windows itisnotplaguedwithregistry
errors.

73. Disadvantages

74. SmallerPeripherals
There is smaller selection of Peripherals hardware drivers i.e
printersscanners,in Linuxascompared toWindows.
Though many new Linux hardware drivers are constantly
added.

75. LessAmountofApplications
ItismoreDifficulttofindApplicationstosupportyouneeds.Thisis
anissueformostlybusinessbutmoreprogrammersaredeveloping
applicationsthataresupportedbylinux.

76. LectureEnd