lec 2 chemotherapy....................pptx

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1. Classification of Antimicrobial agents Antibiotics : Antibiotic is a chemical secreted by microorganisms (bacteria) that kills or hinders the growth of some kinds of bacteria. Examples.  Penicillin and streptomycin . Antifungal Agents: Target fungi (e.g., fluconazole for Candida infections). Antiparasitic Agents: Target parasites (e.g., chloroquine for malaria).

2. Mode of action of antimicrobial agents

3. Combination of Antimicrobial agents A combination of antimicrobial agents refers to the use of two or more antimicrobial drugs simultaneously to treat infections. There are several reasons why combinations may be used:

4. Purpose : Preventing disease before exposure or after exposure but before clinical symptoms appear Examples of Diseases Common diseases where chemoprophylaxis is used (e.g., malaria, tuberculosis, HIV) Indications Criteria for using chemoprophylaxis
High-risk populations (e.g., travellers to endemic areas, healthcare workers)

5. Penicillin Penicillin are β-lactam antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They are classified into several groups based on their spectrum of activity and resistance to β-lactamase enzymes. Spectrum of Activity of penicillin: The spectrum of activity varies among different penicillin: Narrow-spectrum penicillin (such as penicillin G and V) are effective against Gram-positive bacteria like Streptococcus and some Gram-negative cocci. Broad-spectrum penicillin (such as ampicillin, amoxicillin), have enhanced activity against Gram-negative bacteria in addition to Gram-positive bacteria.

6. Routes of Administration: Penicillin G: Typically administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) due to poor oral bioavailability. Penicillin V: Can be administered orally and is often used for less severe infections. Dose Generally, for adults, a typical dose might range from 250 mg to 500 mg every 4 to 6 hours. Adverse Effects: Common adverse effects of penicillin include:
Allergic reactions
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
High doses of certain penicillin can lead to seizures.

7. Cephalosporin Cephalosporin are a class of antibiotics that share a similar chemical structure to penicillin. There are 5 generations of cephalosporin. Spectrum of Activity : First-generation cephalosporin primarily target gram-positive bacteria, while later generations have increasing activity against gram-negative bacteria. Dose For oral administration: Typically, doses range from 250 mg to 500 mg every 12 hours for adults.
For intravenous administration: Doses can range from 1 to 2 grams every 6 to 12 hours depending on the severity of the infection.

8. Route of Administration: Cephalosporin can be administered orally or intravenously, depending on the formulation and severity of the infection Adverse Effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Hypersensitivity reactions
Pseudomembranous colitis (associated with Clostridium difficile infection)
Hematologic effects (such as thrombocytopenia or leukopenia)