Lec_2 MCS5305 microprocessor and mc.pptx

Microprocessor

1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE : A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip capable of computing and processing similar to a computer It can perform basic arithmetic/logical functions such as AND, OR, ADD and SUB upon given input signals. Microprocessor is a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) device that contains thousands of gates in a single chip. Thus the name micro'indicate the physical size of the components involved. It is the central component of a microcomputer, retrieving microinstructions from memory, decoding them into a set of instructions, and executing the instructions sequentially.

2. INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE : With advancement in technology, nicroprocessors can be found everywhere, from phones, electronics, kitchen appliances, satellites, flights, radars s and so many more “Microprogrammed devices”. are those having microprocessors that contain microprograms, which impart basic logic given by their instruction set. The microprocessor is usually enclosed in one IC package tcalled a 'Microprocessor chip'.

3. The "Central Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU)," also known as the "Micro Processing Unit," is composed of the microprocessor and related support chips (MPU). Microprocessor-based System .Since it performs any calculations and coordinates the operations of all peripheral devices, the CPU is the ocentral processing unit, in each digital computer. . INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE :

4. .The first compact desktop computers known as microcomputers have input/output (I/O) ports for attaching peripheral devices and an 8-bit microprocessor with up to 64Kbytes of memory. "Personal Computers" is another name for microcomputers. However, later 16, 32, and 64-bit microcomputers have operating systems and peripheral connectivity to support many simultaneous users, and there is no discernible difference between them and so-called minicomputers. The earlier microcomputers were designed for single users only, and this clearly distinguished them from "Minicomputers." MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER

5. Bit : A bit is a single binary digit. Word : A word refers to the basic data size or bit size that can be processed by the arithmetic and logic unit of the processor. A 16-bit binary number is called a word in a 16-bit processor. Bus : A bus is a group of wires/lines that carry similar information. System Bus : The system bus is a group of wires/lines used for communication between the microprocessor and peripherals. Memory Word : The number of bits that can be stored in a register or memory element is called a memory word. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER

6. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER Address Bus : It contains the address, which is a special binary pattern that can be used to locate an I/O port or memory address. An eight bit address bus, for instance, can address 2^8 = 256 distinct locations because it has eight lines. The locations can be expressed as 00H through FFH in hexadecimal format . Data Bus : Data can be transferred over the data bus between an I/O device and a CPU or between memory and a processor. An 8-bit CPU, for instance, would typically have an 8-bit data bus, and a 16-bit processor, a 16-bit data bus. Control Bus : Control signals, such as those for choosing a memory or I/O device from a specified address, directing data transfer, and synchronizing data transfer in the event of slow devices, are carried by the control bus.

7. Arithmetic and logic units (ALUs) work in tandem with control units of a conventional microprocessor to process the execution of instructions. The store-program concept is the foundation of nearly all microprocessors. Programs or instructions are successively stored in the memory regions that are going to be executed according to the store-program paradigm. A microprocessor must be programmed by the user in order to perform any task. Therefore, the programmer needs to be aware of its internal resources, features, and supported commands. Each microprocessor has a set of instructions, a list which is provided by the microprocessor manufacturer. The instruction set of a microprocessor is provided in two forms: binary machine code and mnemonics MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER

8. Microprocessor communicates and operates in binary numbers 0 and 1. The set of instructions in the form of binary patterns is called a machine language and it is difficult for us to understand. Therefore, the binary patterns are given abbreviated names, called mnemonics, which forms the assembly language . The conversion of assembly-level language into binary machine-level language is done by using an application called assembler. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER

9. Technology Used: The semiconductor manufacturing technologies used for chips are: Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER Classification of Microprocessors: Based on their specification, application and architecture microprocessors are classified. Based on size of data bus: 4-bit microprocessor 8-bit microprocessor 16-bit microprocessor 32-bit microprocessor

10. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER Based on application:  General-purpose microprocessor- used in general computer system and can be used by programmer for any application. Examples, 8085 to Intel Pentium.  Microcontroller- microprocessor with built-in memory and ports and can be programmed for any generic control application. Example, 8051.  Special-purpose processors- designed to handle special functions required for an application. Examples, digital signal processors and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips. Based on architecture:  Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors  Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processors

11. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSORS (MICROCOMPUTERS): While comparing microprocessors it is better to consider the application at hand. Generally, there are three types of microprocessor depending on the usage: 1. General or All-Purpose microprocessor. 2. Embedded or Dedicated microprocessor. 3. Peripheral Control microprocessor.

12. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER A General-Purpose microprocessor is capable of executing various instructions and can be instrunted as to what specific sequence of operations it must perform. It has many of applications as personal computer in education, business, and home. On the other hand, Embedded or Dedicated microprocessors are special purpose microprocessors, the sequence of micro-operations is fixed and the computer performs the same specific task over and over again. These used to control 'smart machines' such as microwave ovens, food blenders, washing machines, and driers. These are also termed as 'Microcontrollers'. Basically, a microcontroller is a single chip computer. Contained in one integrated circuit (IC) package are the CPU, ROM, RAM, and several I/O lines. The advantage of using a microcontroller is that many logic devices can be condensed into a single IC.

13. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER Peripheral Control microprocessors are attached to main microprocessors. So they are also referred as 'Attach/ Slave microprocessors/Coprocessors’. These are used in many computer systems for video graphics, data communication, sound synthesis, floating-point math, and direct memory accesses (DMA). Their main objective is to offload the main microprocessor, thus saving time and improving speeds. As a result, the main processor is able to concentrate on higher-level tasks resulting in improved system performance.

14. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER The concept of 'Distributed Computing or Processing' is evolving, and future microcomputers systems will be designed with separate processors for each I/O device in the system. Distributed processing is the organization of processing in such away that a number of machines (microprocessors) can cooperate in exchanging data over a network. Local processing is carried out locally and the exchanged data affects the system as a whole.

15. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS: - The real power of a computer is the titanic speed with which it performs calculations. A computer sequentially performs one operation at a time. The time required to perform operations is called the 'Processing Speed' of the computer. This rate is expressed in millions of instruction per second (MIPS). Computers are classified according to their processing speed. It depends not only on the hardware characteristics of the system but also on the efficiency of its software components. Some hardware characteristics of importance in achieving high processing speed are as follows:

16. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER Word Length/Size : is the number of bits treated by the computer as a unit. It can be 4-, 8-, 16-, 32-bits and so on e .g., a 16-bit word will be able to hold numbers in the range from -215 through +215-1. The number of different types of instructions is directly related to the word length/size. So it can be concluded that larger the word length, the greater the processing speed. Data Path Size: depends on the width of the internal CPU buses. Wider data paths speed up CPU operations, since more information is transmitted in a single transfer. Other important hardware functions are the logic family, overlapping of CPU instructions, memory bandwidth, I/O bandwidth etc.

17. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER THE Intel 8088/86 MICROPROCESSOR FAMILY: - The width of the data bus in bits is usually used to categorize the microprocessors. On this basis of word length they are categorized into: 1. 8-bit microprocessor. 2. 16-bit microprocessor. 3. 32-bit microprocessor and so on. The width of data bus determines how much data the microprocessor can read or write in one memory or I/O cycle. The term 16-bit means that its ALU, its internal registers, and most of its instructions are designed to work with 16-bits (also called 'word’). Some microprocessors have an internal data bus wider than the external one, e.g. in the Intel 8088 the widths of the external and internal data buses are 8- and 16-bits respectively, for which it is also referred to as “8/16-bit microprocessor”.

18. MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER Another example of 8/16-bit microprocessor is Motorola’s 68008. Anyhow, it is the external data bus that determines the bits transferred during a memory or I/O machine cycle. Consequently, a device like the 8088 is still considered an 8-bit microprocessor. The 8088 is one of the pioneer members of the third generation microprocessors, a direct descendent of the 4004, the world’s first CPU and the heart of the earliest personal computers. VLSI techniques have given it a lot of muscle- the ability to manipulate 16-bit data, directly address a MB of memory, a hefty operating speed and a versatile 16-bit instruction set.