Lec- 3- History of Town planning in India.pptx

History of Town Planning,
Town Planning in Ancient india,
Ancient Vedic town planning,
Indus valley civilization,
Mohen-jo-daro,
Harappa,
Lothal,
Dholavira,
Buddhist town Planning,
Pre independence Town planning,
Post Independence town planning, town planning of Kashi and Sanchi.
Karmukha, Nandyavarta, Sarvato bhadra, dandaka, swastika, etc. town planning.

1. Prof. Samirsinh P. Parmar [email protected] Asst. Prof. Dept. of Civil Engineering Dharmasinh Desai University, Nadiad, Gujarat, India History of Town Planning in India Lecture-3

2. Introduction: Town planning is not new idea or science in India. It is as old as its rich culture and tradition. Following are the development stages of town planning in India. Ancient India- Vedic Period Indus Valley civilization Buddhist Period Medieval Period (14 th Century) Moghul Period (1526 to 1707 A.D.) Pre-independence or British Period (till 1947) Post Independence Period. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 2

3. 1. Ancient India Vaastu Shastra Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 3

4. E VOLUTIO N OF V E D IC C IVILLIZ A TION V e d i c p e riod marks the study p e riod for this presentatio n (basis o f study). INDUS V A LL E Y VEDIC CIVILI Z A T I O N

5. Vedic and Ancient Principles for Planning the Cities Sthapatya Veda (part of Atharva Veda): layout of a city Smriti Shastra: street layouts (micro and macro) Vaastu Shastra: Treatises on architectural planning, construction and design Matters related to site selection, site planning and orientation Quality of soil, water resources, planting of trees and groves Arthashastra : environmental management Mansara Shilpa Shastra: Gram Vidhana and Nagara Vidhana ANUGRAH NAGAICH|CSRE, IIT-BOMBAY April, 2016 15

6. Vedic and Ancient Principles for Planning the Cities Vedic principles of planning use the following 4 Vedas: Rig Veda Sam Veda Yajur Veda Athar Veda There are innumerable references in Rig Veda which indicate a very advanced Vastu Shilpa Vastu Shastra (वास्तु शास्त्र) , Priccha (पृच्छा) , Manasollasa (मनसोल्लास) , Prasadamandana (प्रसाद्मन्दना) , Shilparatnam (शिल्परत्नम) etc are treatise on architecture and planning based on Vedic hymns ANUGRAH NAGAICH|CSRE, IIT-BOMBAY April, 2016 16

7. Vedic and Ancient Principles for Planning the Cities Vastu Shastra endorses 5 town shapes: Chandura – square Agatara – rectangle Vritta – circle Kritta vritta – elliptical Gola vritta – full circle The cities were laid according to various elements of Vedas: Sthapatya Veda – city layout Smriti Shastra – street layout on macro and micro level Vastu Shastra – building planning and design, site selection, service layout, landscaping and building orientation Vastu Purusha mandala – design according to the principles of sacred geometry based on cosmological theories ANUGRAH NAGAICH|CSRE, IIT-BOMBAY April, 2016 17

8. Vedic and Ancient Principles for Planning the Cities Temples (as mentioned in the Yajurveda hymns)- Link between the cosmic and the human (worship) Cultural centers: festive and ritual activities Educational: path Shala Social Life: public meetings and social gatherings Significant Economic Influence in Villages: donations went for Nagara development and employments Mathas : monastic center of education and pilgrim rest house ANUGRAH NAGAICH|CSRE, IIT-BOMBAY April, 2016 18

9. R E GIO N AL C ONS I DE R A TI O N CHANAKYA’S ARTHASASTHRA Congested town , should be freed of surplus population, which should then be housed in a new place. Towns positioned to help each other. ‘ sangrahan ’ (collection register / tax collector) - 10 villages, ‘ sarvatik ’ among 200, ‘ dronamukh ’ (chief) among 400 and ‘ sthaniya ’ among 800 Migrated people in new settlement exempted from payment of taxes for some years. New village – Higher proportion of agriculturists and shudras. Market - sale of goods received from traders on highways. dams - constructed over rivers nalas. temples and gardens should be provided. arrangements for the aged, the children and informal persons. cereals and wealth will grow if the agriculturists are kept busy. attempts should be made to protect and increase quarries, forests and canals. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 9

10. T O W N P L A NN I N G C H A N AK Y A ’ S A R T H A S A S T H RA City - located centrally to facilitate trade and commerce. Site - large in area, and near a perennial water body . Shape - circular, rectangular or square as would suit the topography. Separate areas for marketing different goods . Wall around the town, - 6 dandas high and 12 dandas wide. beyond this wall there should be three moats of 14‘, 12’and 10’ wide to be constructed four arm-lengths apart. depth – 3/4 th of width . Three-east west and three north – south roads , should divide the town. The main roads should be 8 dandas wide and other roads 4 dandas wide . 1 well for 10 houses. AS TR C P Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 10

11. An c ie n t T ow n C l a ss ifi c a t i on Dan d a k a Sa r v ath o b ha d ra N an d y av a r ta P a d m a k a S w a s t i k a P ra s ta ra K ar m u k a Cha tu r m ukha Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 11

12. A N C IE N T TOW N C L A SS IFI C A T I ON Dandaka Streets are straight and cross each other at right angles at the center Village has 4 gates on four sides Village is rectangular / square Width of the street varies from one- five danda 2 transverse street at the extremities have single row of houses The village offices located in the east. The female deity/ Yama devata -located outside the village and the male deities in the northern portion Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 12

13. A N C IE N T TOW N C L A SS IFI C A T I ON SARVATOBHADRA This type of town plan is applicable to larger villages and towns, which have to be constructed on a square sites. According to this plan, the whole town should be fully occupied by houses of various descriptions and inhabited by all classes of people. The temple dominates the village Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 13

14. A N C IE N T TOW N C L A SS IFI C A T I ON NANDYAVARTA This plan is commonly used for the construction of towns and not for villages. It is generally adopted for the sites either circular or square in shape, 3000 – 4000 HOUSES The streets run parallel to the central adjoining streets with the temple of the presiding deity in the center of the town. “ Nandyavarta ” is the name of a flower, the form of which is followed in this layout. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 14

15. N A N D Y AV A R T A T emple city of Ma d urai

16. Angkor Wat: City of Temples Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL/DDU-Nadiad/India 16

17. A N C IE N T TOW N C L A SS IFI C A T I ON PADMAKA This type of plan was practiced for building of the towns with fortress all round. The pattern of the plan resembles the petals of lotus radiating outwards from the center. The city used to be practically an island surrounded by water, having no scope for expansion Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 17

18. A N C IE N T TOW N C L A SS IFI C A T I ON SWASTIKA Swastika type of plan contemplates some diagonal streets dividing the site into certain rectangular plots. The site need not be marked out into a square or rectangle and it may be of any shape. A rampart wall surrounds the town, with a moat at its foot filled with water. Two main streets cross each other at the center, running south to north and west to east. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 18

19. A N C IE N T TOW N C L A SS IFI C A T I ON PRASTARA The characteristic feature of this plan is that the site may be either square or rectangular but not triangular or circular. The sites are set apart for the poor, the middle class, the rich and the very rich, the sizes of the sites increasing according to the capacity of each to purchase or build upon. The main roads are much wider compared to those of other patterns. The town may or may not be surrounded by a fort. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 19

20. A N C IE N T TOW N C L A SS IFI C A T I ON KARMUKA This plan is suitable for the place where the site of the town is in the form of a bow or semi-circular or parabolic and mostly applied for towns located on the seashore or riverbanks. The main streets of the town run from north to south or east to west and the cross streets run at right-angles to them, dividing the whole area into blocks. The presiding deity, commonly a female deity, is installed in the temple build in any convenient place. Fig-A Fig-B Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 20

21. A N C IE N T TOW N C L A SS IFI C A T I ON CHATURMUKHA Chaturmukha type of plan is applicable to all towns starting from the largest town to the smallest village. The site may be either square or rectangular having four faces. The town is laid out east to west lengthwise, with four main streets. The temple of the presiding deity will be always at the center Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 21

22. Ancient India Indus Valley Civilization ( 3000 B.C. ) The Indo- Gangetic region formed the cradle of Indus valley civilization nearly 5000 years ago. The details of this was not known till 1920’s. Excavation carried out in the Mohenjo – Daro (Hill of the Dead) covering an area of 260 hectors and Harappa (on the river Ravi) now in Pakistan. Kaligangan in Rajasthan. Lothal, Sukortada and Dhoulavira in Gujarat. Rakhigadhi in Hariyana . This all sites indicates the existence of Indus valley civilization between 4000- 3000 BC. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 22

23. Ancient India The civilization had greatly developed as that of ancient Mesopotamia. The cities had highly advanced system of Town Planning. The city was built systematically. The streets were 9m wide divided the city in 12 blocks each 365m x 244m. The layout was based on Grid-Iron plan. The various size and number of storeys of the housing. No direct opening on the main street. Houses with open central court. No windows towards the subsidiary walkways. Provision of roof lighting and ventilation. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 23

24. Ancient India Houses were built of Kiln bricks. Bathing establishment A common well. Effective drainage system. Which was laid under the walkways and finally connected to main sewers laid under the main roads. Provision of Manhole and inspection chambers. System of Great Bath 7m wide and 12m long 2.4 m deep. Watertight, surrounded by toilets and private baths. The Indus valley culture collapsed due to the natural catastrophe. After centuries later it was occupied by the Aryan invaders in 1500 -1000 B.C. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 24

25. Ancient India Vedic period Vedic Period (up to 400 B.C. ): The principles of town planning are mentioned in some sacred book like ‘ Viswa Karmaprakashan ’ It is mentioned ‘First Layout Towns and then Plan the houses’ The principle holds good even today. Mansara Shilpshastra deals with many aspects of town planning. The importance of studies like study of soil, climatic condition, topography, fixing orientation to get maximum advantage of sun and wind. And layout of various town plans such as Dandaka , Swastika, Padmaka , Nandyavarta , Prastara , Chaturmukha , Karmuka etc. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 25

26. Ancient India Vedic period The general principle was to lay main streets ( Raja Marga ) were aligned East-West to get the roads purified by the Sun’s rays. Short streets were aligned North – South. Roads running around the village called ‘ Mangal Vithi ’ were reserved for Priests. These books also refer to the qualification and moral qualities of the town planner emphasizing that he must have mastery over the science of planning. And thorough knowledge of culture, social and religious conditions. In Ramayana and Mahabharat we come across the descriptions of the cities of Ayodhya and Indraprastha respectively that the cities had neatly laid out houses, palatial buildings, spacious thoroughfares, tanks, lakes gardens parks etc. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 26

27. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

28. Indus Valley Civilization Important Cities Development of Cities Classification of Towns Small Villages/Hamlets: 0-10 hectares Large Towns: 10-50 hectares Cities: 50 hectares City Size (in hectares) Population Mohenjodaro 200 35000-41000 Harappa 150 23500 Ganweriwala 80 Rakhigarhi 80 Dholavira 100 Rehman Dehri 22 12000 ANUGRAH NAGAICH|CSRE, IIT-BOMBAY April, 2016 25

29. Also referred to as HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION & SARASWATHI SINDHU CIVILIZATION Between INDUS RIVER AND THE GHAGGAR- HAKRA RIVER [Pakistan and North Western India] 2. Indus valley civilization Ref: Wikipedia Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 29

30. I ND US V A LL EY C IVI LI Z A T I ON TOWN PLANNING CONCEPT Sophisticated & advanced urban culture Streets in perfect grid patterns in both Mohenjo-Daro & H arappa World’s first sanitation system Individual wells and separate covered drains along the streets for waste water Houses opened to inner courtyards & smaller lanes Impressive dockyards, granaries, warehouses, brick platforms & protective walls Massive citadels protected the city from floods & attackers City dwellers – traders & artisans All the houses had access to water & drainage facilities Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 30

31. I ND US V A LL EY C IVI LI Z A T I ON DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES Cities grew out of earlier villages that existed in the same locality for < 100 yrs. Grew in size & density and surrounded by numerous towns & villages Cities interlinked by trade & economic activities, religious beliefs, social relations etc. Vast agricultural lands, rivers & forests by pastoral communities , fisher folk and hunters surrounded each city Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 31

32. I ND US V A LL EY C IVI LI Z A T I ON DE V E L O P M EN T OF CI TI E S CLASS I F I C A T IO N OF T O W N S Sm a l l v ill a g e s / h a m l e ts – – 1 he c t a r e s L a r g e t o w n s – 1 - 5 he c t a r e s Ci t i e s – 5 he c t a r e s  IM PO R T A N T C I TIE S C I T Y S IZE IN H E C T AR E S P O PU L A T I O N M OHE N J O D A R O 200 3 5 -41000 H A R A P P A 150 23500 GAN WER I W A L A 80 R A K H I GA RH I 80 D HO L A V I R A 100 REH M A N D EHR I 22 12000 Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 32

33. Mohenjo-Daro Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 33

34. MO HE N J O - D A R O Specification of town planning: No fortification Major streets in north south direction Intersection at right angles Streets within built up areas were narrow Distinct zoning for different groups Ref: Pg-39, Town planning, by Rangwala , Charotar Publication Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 34

35. MO HE N J O - D A R O SETTLEMENT DIVISIONS Religious, institutional & cultural areas – around monastery & great bath in the western part North – agriculture & industries South – administration, trade & commerce Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 35

36. A n c i ent I nd i a : M oh en j o – D a r o Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 36

37. Artistic Reconstruction of Harappa A n c i ent I nd i a : M oh en j o – D a r o Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 37

38. A n c i ent I nd i a : M oh en j o – D a r o CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Buildings – masonry construction by sun dried bricks Ranging from 2 rooms to mansions with many rooms Underground sewerage & drainage from houses Helical pumps for pumping water in great bath Principal buildings–monastery & bath- indicating religious culture Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 38

39. GR E A T B A TH 12x7x3 M IN DIMENSIONS EARLIEST PUBLIC WATER TANK IN ANCIENT WORLD LEDGE EXTENDS FOR THE ENTIRE WIDTH OF POOL WATERTIGHT FLOOR – THICK LAYER OF BITUMEN FLOOR SLOPES IN SOUTH WEST CORNER WITH A SMALL OUTLET CONNECTING TO A BRICK DRAIN ROOMS LOCATED IN THE EAST Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 39

40. Top view Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL/DDU-Nadiad/India 40

41. MO HE N J O - D A R O GRANARY 50x40 m in dimension, 4.5 m tall massive mud brick foundation 2 rows of six rooms along a central passageway [7m wide & paved with baked bricks] Each room 15.2x6.1 m has 3 steeper walls with airspace between a wooden superstructure supported in some places by large columns would have been built on top of the brick foundations, with stairs leading up from the central passage area. Small triangular openings – air ducts for fresh air beneath hollow floors The large size of the granary probably indicates a highly developed agricultural civilization Ref: https://www.harappa.com/slide/wheelers-section-granary-mohenjo-daro-1950 Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 41

42. Satellite Image: Mohenjo-Daro Courtesy: Wikimapia.org Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 42

43. Satellite Image: Mohenjo-Daro Courtesy: Wikimapia.org Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 43

44. Harappa Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 44 Satellite Image: Harappa Courtesy: Wikimapia.org

45. 23000 population 150 hectares- Area Earliest city may have been formed during the kot diji phase, i.e., 2800- 2500 BC Earliest city covered an area of 25 ha . It became a center for trade networks extending from Baluchistan and Afghanistan to the west of the seacoast in the south. Towns built over raised mud brick platforms H A R A P P A Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 45 H A R AP P A

46. Citadel mound and lower town surrounded by a massive brick wall. Citadel had square towers and bastions . Large open areas inside the gateway may have been used as a Market or checkpoint for taxing goods coming into the city Outside the city walls a cluster of houses may represent temporary rest stops for travelers and caravans No division of the society is reflected in the layout of the city. since large public buildings, market areas, large and small houses as well as craft workshops have been found in the same neighborhood. Barrack-like group of single-roomed tenements were for the poorer classes T O WN PLANNIN G CHARACTERISTICS Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 46 H A R AP P A

47. TOWN PLANNING Basic house plans single room tenements houses with courtyards Houses - rooms on 3 sides opening into a central courtyard Nearly all large houses had private wells . Hearths ( brick- or stone-lined fireplace or oven often used for cooking and/or heating) common in rooms. Bathrooms in every house with chutes leading to drainage channels. First floor bathrooms also built. Brick stairways provided access to the upper floors. Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent houses were separated by a narrow space of land. Granary with areas for threshing grains. Burnt bricks mainly used for drains, wells and bathrooms. Sun dried bricks used mainly for fillings. Timber used for flat roofs and as frames or lacing for brickwork Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 47 H A R AP P A

48. Building materials - mud bricks and baked bricks, wood and reeds. The average size of the bricks was 7 x 12 x 34 cm (for houses ) and 10 x 20 x 40 cm for the city walls. the larger bricks have a standard ratio of 1:2:4. Mud brick, baked brick & wood or stone were used for the foundation and walls of the houses. The doors ,windows were made from wood and mat . House floors - hard-packed earth Bathing areas and drains - baked brick and stone . Roofs -wooden beams covered with reeds and packed clay . Largest buildings made entirely of wood. Windows – shutters & lattice work A R C H IT E C TURE Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 48 H A R AP P A

49. Large buildings -administrative or ritual structures. Access routes or provided thoroughfare from one area to another. Markets and public meetings held in large open courtyards. Houses and public buildings grouped with shared walls and formed larger blocks & accessed by wide streets . Most houses had private baths & toilets as well as private wells. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 49 H A R AP P A A R CH I T E C T UR E : L A R G E P UB L I C S T RU C T UR E S

50. Wells and reservoirs - drinking and bathing. Wells were lined with specially-made wedge- shaped bricks to form a structurally sound cylinder. Ropes were used to lift the water out, probably with leather or wooden buckets . Some neighborhoods had communal wells. DR A IN A GE S Y S TEM Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 50 H A R AP P A

51. Bathing platforms with water tight floor & drains [open out to larger drains in streets ] provided in rooms adjacent to the wells. Drains and water chutes in the upper storeys were often built inside the wall with an exit opening just above the street drains. Tapered terracotta drainpipes were used to direct water out to the street. Many houses had distinct toilets , separate from the bath areas. Commodes were large jars or sump pots sunk into the floors and many of them contained a small jar. Drains covered with baked bricks or dressed stone blocks . Garbage bins were provided along the major streets. DR A IN A GE S Y S TEM Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 51 H A R AP P A

52. Satellite Image: Harappa Courtesy: Wikimapia.org Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 52

53. Lothal Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 53 Satellite Image: Lothal, Gujarat, India Courtesy: Wikimapia.org

54. Lothal – Town Plan Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL/DDU-Nadiad/India 54

55. A n c i ent I nd i a L o t h a l A drain at Lothal Lothal by artist’s sketch Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 55

56. Bathroom structure at Lothal Well and bathing platforms at Lothal Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 56 A n c i ent I nd i a L o t h a l

57. Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization. It is located in Bhal region of Gujarat. Lothal is situated near the village of Saragwala in the Dholka . Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 57 A n c i ent I nd i a L o t h a l

58. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 58 Satellite Image: Lothal, Gujarat, India Courtesy: Wikimapia.org

59. Site Plan, Dholavira (Courtesy: Bisht 1989) Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL/DDU-Nadiad/India 59

60. Dholavira, Gujarat Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL/DDU-Nadiad/India 60 Terracotta pipe, Dholavira Stepwell, Dholavira

61. Ancient Town Planning of KASHI Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL/DDU-Nadiad/India 61 Singh, Rana P.B. 1988. The Image of Varanasi. National Geog. Jl. India, 34: 01-32. Map of Kashi: A Pilgrimage Cognitive Map.

62. Image of Varanasi: Tourists’ sketches. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 62

63. Kapilavastu: Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 63

64. Sanchi – Madhya Pradesh Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL/DDU-Nadiad/India 64 City of Kusinagara in the War over the Buddha’s Relics, South Gate, Stupa no. 1, Sanchi. (photo from wikipedia by Photo Dharma). The brick walls of the city, defense towers, soldiers, lofty city buildings beyond are all seen clearly in this relief.

65. 3. Buddhist Period Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 65

66. Ancient India Buddhist Period Buddhist Period (up to 320 A.D.) During the period of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (321 B.C. – 185 B.C.), Kautilya a.k.a. Chanakya was the chief minister who wrote the famous ‘ Arthshastra ’, a treatise (formal writing) on Town Planning. It states the regulation of zoning depending on communities, highways to be parallel to the main cardinal direction i.e. grid iron pattern. Width of Raj Marg to be not less than 30ft. It clearly shows that the art of Town Planning had made much progress as long back as third century B.C. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 66

67. Ancient India Buddhist Period The excavations carried out at Patliputra (modern Patna) the capital of Magadha, show evidence of advance knowledge of town planning. The capital was laid on grid-iron pattern consisting of 16 sectors. Most of the houses had gardens with wells and ponds. Waste water was carried out by means of underground drainage. The city as long as 16 km and 3.5 km wide was surrounded by a deep moat 180m wide and further protected by ramparts stretching more than 40 km long studded with 64 gates and 570 towers. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 67

68. Ancient India Buddhist Period The four main gates were oriented to the cardinal points of the compass and were wide enough for the elephants to pass through easily. Taxila ( Taksa-sila ) and Nalanda were also founded in this period. Nalanda was a renowned place of learning. The site Nalanda measured about 487m long and 244m wide and contained three main essentials –stupas, temples and hostels for monks. It had 300 halls accommodating more than 10000 pupils. The libraries were nine storied high. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 68

69. Buddhist City Architecture Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL/DDU-Nadiad/India 69 From: Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, Buddhist and Hindu, published in 1956 Bombay, India.

70. A n c i ent I nd i a B uddh i s t P e r i od Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 70

71. 4. Medieval Period (14th Century) Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 71

72. 4. M ed i e v a l P e r i od ( 14 t h C ent u r y) : J a i pu r Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 72

73. Key Plan of Walled City Jaipur Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 73

74. 5 . Moghul Period (1526 – 1707 A.D.) Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 74

75. Moghul Period (1526 – 1707 A.D.) Cities like Agra, Delhi were re-developed. Fatehpur-Sikri was entirely planned. Fortification strengthened Bijapur , Lucknow. Other important thing started in this period was laying of gardens and parks. It was a new trend in planning many ornamental gardens of Moghul period (some of them are still in good conditions) Kabul Bagh at Panipat by Babar Shalimar Bagh or Garden of Bliss and Nishat Bagh at Kashmir by Shah Jahan. Lal Bagh at Bangalore by Haider Ali. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 75

76. 6 . Pre-Independence Period or British Period (till 1947) Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 76

77. Pre-Independence Period or British Period (till 1947) When the Britishers first settled in India they found most of the condition s of the towns to be unhealthy. So they started independent colonies on the outskirts of the existing towns. These extensions were known as ‘Cantonments and Barracks’ for the military occupied area and ‘Civil Lines’ for the residence of civilians and well-to-do people. Next they took to street planning. They adopted straight roads regardless of the cost or damages to social structure of the town. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 77

78. Pre-Independence Period or British Period (till 1947) No large town planning scheme were taken till the end of 19th century. In the first decade of 20th century they took up the outstanding work of building New-Delhi. The plan was prepared on modern town planning principles by eminent town planner Edwin Lutyens assisted by Baker. The capital group of buildings like Government House, Council Hall, Secretariat has been designed with their monumental architecture, industrial buildings are separated from residential sector, and arranged around the commercial and civic buildings. It was more a planning and designing of Administrative centre than a new town as such. Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 78

79. Pre-Independence Period or British Period Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 79

80. 7 . Post Independence Period (After 1947) Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 80

81. Post Independence Period (After 1947) Many industrial towns were planned after post-independence period. A few of these can be mentioned below. Steel Towns: Durgapur – West Bengal Bhilai – Madhya Pradesh Rourkela - Orissa Industrial Towns: Jamshedpur – Bihar Bhadravati – Karnataka Chittaranjan – West Bengal Capitals: Gandhinagar – Gujarat Chandigarh – Punjab (Now a union territory) Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 81

82. Gandhinagar, Gujarat Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 82

83. Chandigarh, Punjab, India Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 83

84. Chandigarh, Punjab, India Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 84

85. Thank You ! Questions …. ? Prof. Samirsinh P Parmar, DoCL /DDU-Nadiad/India 85