Lec 3. Pests of Rice.pptx

Pest of Rice and their management

1. Pests of Rice and their management

2. India - largest paddy output Fourth largest exporter Largest rice producing state- West Bengal Rabi and Kharif Kaveri delta - Tamil Nadu Kuttanadu - Kerala Gangavathi - Karnataka

3. I. BORERS 1. Paddy stem borer 2. Paddy gall midge II. DEFOLIATORS 1. Swarming caterpillar 2. Rice case worm 3. Rice skipper 4. Leaf folder/ roller 5. Rice horned caterpillar 6. Yellow hairy caterpillar 7. Grasshoppers 8. Spiny beetle/ Rice hispa 9. Whorl maggot

4. III.SUCKING PESTS 1. Thrips 2. Green leafhopper 3. Brown planthopper 4. Mealybug 5. Earhead bug

5. Borers: Paddy stem borer- Scirpophaga incertulas (Crambidae; Lepidoptera) Host range: Rice, It is monophagous pest on rice Symptoms: Presence of brown coloured egg mass near leaf tip Caterpillar bore into central shoot of paddy seedling and tiller- drying of the central shoot known as “dead heart” Plants could be easily pulled by hand Grown up plant whole panicle becomes dried “white ear” CRIDA

6. The stem borer larvae bore at the base of the plants during the vegetative stage. On older plants, they bore through the upper nodes and feed toward the base. The boring larvae feed upon tillers and cause dead hearts or drying of the central tiller, during the vegetative stage; and cause whiteheads at the reproductive stage.

7. Identification of life stages: Egg: creamy white, laid in mass and covered with buff coloured hairs. Larva: pale yellow, dark brown head Pupa- inside the stem, silken cocoon Adult: Sexual dimorphism Female: bright yellowish brown fore wings with a black spot at the centre and a tuft of yellow hairs at the anal region. Male: Small, pale yellow without spots CRIDA

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9. Management: ETL: 2 egg masses/ m2 10% dead hearts - Vegetative stage 2% white ear - Flowering stage Grow resistant varieties viz., Ratna, Jaya, TKM 6, IR 20 and IR 26, Sayasree, Saket, IET 3127, IET 2812, MTU 5849, PTB 12, PTB 20, PT 321, H 4 Clip the seedling tips before transplanting to eliminate egg masses and collect & destroy the egg masses in main field. Avoid close planting and continuous water stagnation at early stages. Collect and destroy the dead hearts and white ears. Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths. Install sex pheromone traps to monitor and mass trap. Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum 1,00,000/ ha at the weekly interval, 3 times during infestation .

10. Apply Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki and neem seed kernel extract in the combination of 2.5 g/L and 1% to reduce the oviposition by the stem borer. Apply Thiamethoxam (12.6%) + Lambda-cyhalothrin (9.5%) ZC or Acephate 75% SP or Fipronil 5% SC or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC three times: first in nursery a week before pulling, second at a fortnight after transplanting and the third at shot blade stage of the crop. Harvest the crop up to the ground level and disturb the stubbles with plough immediately after the harvest

11. 2. Paddy gall midge - Orseolia oryzae (Cecidomyiidae; Diptera) Host range: Rice, wild species of Oryza and grasses like Paspalum scrobiculatum, Panicum spp., Cyanodan dactylon and Eleucine indica Symptoms: Maggot feed at the base of the growing shoot Rice gall midge forms a tubular gall at the base of tillers, causing elongation of leaf sheaths called onion leaf or silver shoot or anaikomban Infested tillers produce no panicle (cecidogen -responsible for cell proliferation of the meristematic cells and gall formation)

12. Identification: Egg: Elongate, cylindrical, shiny white or red eggs at base of the leaves Larva: Maggot 1 mm long , creeps down the sheath and enters the growing bud. An oval chamber is formed round the site of feeding. Pupa : Inside the shoot Adult: Yellowish brown and mosquito like. The male is ash grey in colour.

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14. Management: ETL: 10% silver shoots Encourage early planting of the crop with quick growing varieties. Use resistant varieties like MDU-3, Shakthi, Vikram, Sureka, IR 36, Katiya, Dhanaya Lakshmi, Phalguna, Kunti, Shamlei, Asha, Rajendran, Shrakasha Plough immediately after crop harvest. Remove the alternate host. Apply fertilizers in balanced manner.

15. Set up light trap @ 1 / ha as a monitoring device. Release larval parasitoid, Platygaster oryzae through parasitized galls @ 1 per 10 m2 in the main field at 10 days after transplanting (DAT). Conserve predatory spiders like Tetragnatha, Argiope catenulata and carabid beetle ( Ophionia indica) in rice ecosystem. Apply fipronil 0.3 G 16.7 - ­ 25.0 kg or quinalphos 25 EC 1.0 L or ethofenprox 10 EC 500-750 ml or fipronil 5 SC 1.0 -1.5 kg or lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC 500 ml / 5 EC 250 ml or thiamethoxam 25 WG 100 g in 500 L water/ha

16. Swarming caterpillar - Spodoptera mauritia (Noctuidae; Lepidoptera) Host range: Rice, maize, jowar, wheat, barley and sugarcane Symptoms: Sporadic pest but causes very serious damage to young crops when it appears in large numbers. The caterpillars feed at night and hide during the day Larvae cut the seedlings in large scale They feed gregariously and march from field to field Yield loss ranges from 10-20% IRRI II. DEFOLIATORS

17. Bionomics: Adult: Medium sized stoutly built, dark brown with a conspicuous triangular spot on fore wings. Eggs: Laid in masses on leaves and covered with grey hairs. Caterpillar: cylindrical, dark to pale green with lateral lines along the body. Pupa:It pupates in an earthen cocoon in soil for 10-15 days

18. Conserve larval parasitoids viz., Apanteles ruficrus , Chelonus sp., Protect vertebrate predators of the larvae Flood the nursery to expose the hiding larvae to the surface for birds to pick them up. Kerosenate water during irrigation to suffocate and kill the larvae. Allow ducks into the field to feed on the larvae. Drain water from nursery and spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC 80 ml during late evening. Management:

19. Host plant: Rice Symptoms: Scrapping of leaf tissues by the larva (whitish papery areas) Form tubular cases around them by cutting the apical portion of the leaves which float on the water. Plants stunted, caterpillars hang on the leaf edges in a tubular case. Rice case worm: Nymphula depunctalis (Pyraustidae: Lepidopera)

20. Larva: Pale translucent green with orange head. Each caterpillar lives inside a tubular case and hangs down the leaves Semi aquatic - filamental gills at the sides. Pupa: inside the case Adult: The adult is a small delicate moth having white wings speckled with pale brown wavy markings

21. Management Conserve larval parasitoids viz., Elasmus sp., Apanteles sp., Bracon sp., Conserve pupal parasitoids viz., Pediobius sp., Apsilops sp., Eupteromalus parnarae Drain water from the field Dislodge the cases by running a rope over the young crop Apply Thiamethoxam (12.6%) + Lambda-cyhalothrin (9.5%) ZC or Acephate 75% SP or Fipronil 5% SC or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC .

22. Leaf folder (or) leaf roller: Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) Host range: Grasses Symptoms: The caterpillar folds the leaves longitudinally and remains inside. Scrapes the green tissues and makes them white and dry. During severe infestation- scorched appearance Binomics: Adult; brownish with many dark wavy lines in centre and dark band on margin of wings Egg:Laid in batches, lower surface of leaves Larva: pale green, transparent, actively moving caterpillar

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24. Management Use resistant varieties like TNAU LFR 831311, Cauvery, Akashi, TKM-6,ASD 20, VC Dhan 221, PTB 12, PTB 20, PT 321, H 4 Clipping of affected leaves reduces the pest population. Trim the bunds and remove grassy weeds. Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizer. Set up light traps to attract and kill the moths. Release Trichogramma chilonis (@1.0 L/ha) thrice on 37, 44 and 51 DAT followed by three sprays of monocrotophos 36 SL on 58, 65 and 72 DAT. Apply benfuracarb 3 G 3.3 kg or cartap hydrochloride 4 G 1.875 - 2.5 kg /ha

25. Summarize what you’ve just learned:

26. Rice skipper: Pelopidas mathias (Hesperiidae: Lepidoptera) Host range: Rice, Sugarcane Symptoms: Edges of the leaves are fastened with webbing. Backward rolling of leaves, feeding from margin inwards. Binomics: Adult: Butterfly, brown coloured wings, curved antennae. Eggs: laid singly on the leaf blades. Larva: pale green with constricted neck

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28. Rice horned caterpillar: Melanitis ismene (Satyridae, Lepidoptera) Host range: Rice, Millets Damage symptoms : Leaves are defoliated from the margin or tip irregularly. Bionomics: Egg: round white eggs singly on the leaves. Larvae: green, slightly flattened with two red horn processes on the head and two yellow processes in the anal end. Pupa: greenish chrysalis, which suspends from the leaf. Adult: The butterfly is dark brown with large wings having a black and yellow eye like spot one on each of the fore wings.

29. Yellow hairy caterpillar: Psalis pennatula (Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera) Host range: Rice, grasses, wheat Damage symptoms: Caterpillar causes defoliation Bionomics: Egg: Lain in masses Larva: Yellowish brown with red stripes and orange head. Tufts of hairs -two in the anterior and one in the posterior region Pupa: It pupates in a pale white cocoon of silk and frass Adult: Stout with straw coloured forewings.

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31. Whorl maggot: Hydrellia sasakii (Ephydridae: Diptera) Host range: Rice, Cyanodon dactylon and Echinochloa crusgalli Symptoms : Yellowish white longitudinal marginal blotching with hole. Leaves become shriveled. Plant gets stunted and maturity is delayed. ETL - 25% damaged leave Bionomics: Adult: small dull grey fly. Maggot: 2 mm, feeds on the tender tissue inside the whorl. Yellowish white in colour. Science source

32. Minor Pests Grasshopper: Hieroglyphus banian (Acrididae: Orthoptera) Short horned grasshopper: Oxya nitidula (Acrididae: Orthoptera) Damage symptoms : The nymphs and adults feed on leaves, flowers and grains. Completely defoliate the plants leaving only the mid ribs Bionomics: Adults: green, larger with transverse black lines on pronotum. Egg: soil at a depth of 5 cm. Nymph: 2.5 - 3.5 months

33. Management Expose the eggs to be picked up by birds after ploughing and trimming the bunds Egg parasitoids Cacallus spp., Barycomus spp. and Seelio spp. Dust the crop with 5-10% BHC (or) methyl parathion 2% or lindane 2 D 25-30 kg/ha (or) malathion 5 D 20 kg/ha Spray dichlorvos 76 EC 500 ml/ha (or) malathion 50 EC 2.5 lit/ha.

34. Spiny beetle/ Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera (Hispidae; Coleoptera) Symptoms : The mining of the grubs is clearly seen on the leaves White parallel line is clear on the leaves Grub: Whitish yellow and flattened. It feeds inside the leaf tissue by mining. Adult: It is dark blue or blackish in colour with spines all over the body

35. In one minute, write the scientific names learned from today’s lesson.

36. Thrips: Stenchaetothrips biformis (Thripidae; Thysanoptera) Symptoms: Nymphs and adults lacerate the tender leaves and suck the plant sap yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base Damage both in nursery and main field Affected nurseries- pale yellow colour with brown tips SUCKING PESTS

37. Egg: Very tiny,measures 0.25 mm long. Larva: Neonate larvae are transparent and towards the second molting, they turn to pale yellow. Pupa: The pupa has long wing pads that reach two-thirds the length of the abdomen. Adult: slender body, dark brown and 1-2 mm long. It exists in two forms, winged or wingless. Management: ETL : 60 numbers in 12 wet hand passes Grow resistant cultivars like PTB 12, PTB 20, PT 321, H 4 Spray any one of the following insecticides Phosphamidon 40 SL 600 ml /ha Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W 1500-2500 g/ha

38. 2. Green leafhopper: Nephotettix virescens , N. nigropictus and N. cincticeps (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) Host range: Rice, millets, grasses Symptoms: Plants become pale yellow in colour and get stunted in growth If the plants are tapped, large number of leafhoppers may be seen jumping to water Heavy infestation - withering and complete drying of the crop Nymphs and adults exude honeydew resulting in sooty mould development It transmits plant diseases viz ., dwarfing, transitory yellowing, yellow dwarf and rice tungro virus (RTV)

39. Nymph: Soft bodied, yellowish white in colour. Gradually the colour changes to green Adult: 3-5 mm long, bright green with variable black markings ; wedge shaped; characteristic diagonal movement. Male insect has a black spot in middle of the forewings ; absent in females.

40. ETL: 60 Nos. / 25 sweeping – Nursery 10 Nos. / hill - Flowering stage 5 Nos. / hill - Vegetative stage 2 Nos. / hill - Tungro endemic area Management Use resistant varieties like IR 20, IR 50, CR 1009, Co 46, PTB 2, PTB 18, IET 7301, IET 7302, IET 7303 and Vani, Vikra marka, Lalit, Nidhi. Nursery should not be raised near the lamp posts. Apply neem cake @ 12.5 kg/800 m2 nursery as basal dose. Apply carbofuran 3 G @ 3.5 kg or phorate 10 G @ 1.0 kg or quinalphos 25 EC 80 ml or endosulfan 35 EC 80 ml per 800 m2 nursery. Maintain the water level at 2.5 cm for 3 days after granular application. Spray any of the following insecticide in 500 L water/ha Quinalphos 25 EC 1000 ml, Lambda-Cyhalothrin 2.5 EC 500 ml or 5 EC 250 ml

41. 3. Brown plant hopper: Nilaparvata lugens (Delphacidae: Hemiptera) Host range: Rice, sugarcane, grasses Symptoms: Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of the plant. Dries up and gives a scorched appearance called “hopper burn”. Circular patches of drying and lodging of matured plants are typical symptoms Vector of grassy stunt, ragged stunt and wilted stunt diseases IRRI

42. Nymph: Freshly hatched nymph is cottony white and it turns purple-brown Adult: yellowish brown to dark brown It has two characteristic wing morphs: macropterous (long winged) and brachypterous (short winged)

43. Management Use resistant varieties like Aruna, Karnataka, Karthika, Krishnaveni, Makon, Abhey, Asha, Divya, Py 3, Co 42, Co 46, PTB 21, Jyoti (PTB 29) and PTB 33 Avoid close planting and provide 30 cm rogue spacing at every 2.5 m to reduce the pest incidence. Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers. Control irrigation by intermittent draining. Set up light traps to monitor

44. Release of natural enemies like wolf spider, Lycosa pseudoannulata and green mirid bug Cyrtorrhinus lividipennis . Avoid use of insecticides causing resurgence such as synthetic pyrethroids, methyl parathion, fenthion and quinalphos. Drain the water before the use of insecticides and direct the spray towards the base of the plants. Spray neem seed kernel extract 5% (25 kg/ha) (or) neem oil 2% (10 L/ha). Spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL 125 ml or buprofezin 25 SC 325 ml or or acephate 75 SP 625 g or or /ha Contd.,

45. 4. Rice earhead bug: Leptocorisa acuta (Alydidae: Hemiptera) Host range: Rice, Millets Symptoms: Nymphs and adults suck the sap from individual grains at milky stage. Affected grains become chaffy with black spots at the site of feeding puncture. Yield loss 10- 40%. Obnoxious odour emanates on disturbing the bugs in the field

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47. Bionomics: Brownish green adults, slender with long legs and antennae Egg: 200-300 flat, dark, reddish brown eggs in rows of 10-15 on the leaves or panicles. Management Remove weeds from fields and surrounding areas to prevent the multiplication of rice bugs during fallow periods. Level fields with even applications of fertilizer and water encourage rice to grow and develop is at the same rate. Planting fields, within a village, at the same time (synchronous planting) also helps reduce rice bug problems. Capturing rice bugs, in the early morning or late afternoon, by net can be effective at low rice bug densities, though labor intensive. Spray any one of the chemicals: Thiamethoxam (12.6%) + Lambdacyhalothrin (9.5%) ZC or Chlorantraniliprole (10 %)+ Lambdacyhalothrin (5%) ZC

48. 5. White backed plant hopper: Sogatella furcifera (Delphacidae: Hemiptera) Host range: Rice, maize, millets, sugarcane, grasses Damage symptoms: suck the sap and cause stunted growth, “Hopper Burn” Bionomics: Adult: Forewings hyaline with dark veins and dark spot in the middle of posterior edge. Adults possess a diamond like marking on the thorax. Egg: The female lays upto 758 eggs as egg masses with 1-24 eggs in each in leaf sheath and in the mid rib of leaves. Nymph: nymphal period 12-17 days with five instars.

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50. 6. Mealy bug: Brevennia rehi (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) Host range: Rice, graminaceous weeds Damage symptoms: Large number of insects remains in leaf sheath and suck the sap. Plants become weak, yellowish and stunted. Presence of white waxy fluff in leaf sheath is a typical symptom of damage. Bionomics: The mealy bug is small reddish white, soft-bodied It lays 126-139 eggs in the leaf sheath

51. Management 1. Parasitoids such as Adelencyrtus sp., Xanthoencyrtus sp. and Dolichoceros sp. and coccinellid predators can be utilized. 2. Remove the grasses and trim the bunds during the main field preparation before transplanting. 3. Remove and destroy the affected plants. 4. Spray dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml/ha in initial stages of infestation.

52. 7. Rice black bug: Scotinophora lurida and S. coarctata (Podopidae: Hemiptera) Host range: Rice, millets Damage symptoms : Both nymphs and adults suck plant sap from the culm during tillering to flowering. The affected plants turn reddish brown or yellow. Tillering stage - drying up of central shoot (dead heart), stunted growth and reduced tillers. Reproductive stage - panicle development and chaffy grains (white ears). Plants wilt, dry and turn bug burned, similar to hopper burn damage of brown plant hopper. ETL: 10% damage at tillering stage or 5 bugs / hill

53. Bionomics: Adults are brownish black with a prominent scutellum and pronotum having a spine on either side. 1 mm long greenish eggs are laid in masses on the stem and leaves that turn pinkish during hatching. Brown nymphs with yellowish green abdomen and 2-3 black scent glands. Management 1. Keep the field free from weeds and grasses. 2. Drain the excess water from the field. 3. Set up light traps to attract and kill large number of bugs. 4. Conserve the predators viz., spiders, coccinellids and wasps to check the pest. 5. Ducks can be allowed in the field to pick up the bugs 6. Spray NSKE 5% or monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1000 ml/ha or acephate 75 SP @ 625 g per ha for effective pest suppression.

54. 8. Earhead stink bug / Shield bug / Red spotted bug: Menida histrio (Pentatomidae: Hemiptera) 9. Rice striped bug: Tetroda histeroides (Pentatomidae: Hemiptera) 10. White rice leafhopper: Cofana spectra (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) 11. Blue rice leafhopper: Empoascanara maculifrons (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) 12. Zigzag striped leafhopper: Recilia dorsalis (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) MINOR PESTS