Lect1.pptx. This is one of make presentation.

This is a make presentation.

1. Contents   Introduction to Digital Electronics Number Systems and Codes Algorithm Representation in Pseudocode

2. Introduction to Digital Electronics

3. Physical System

4. Physical System: control of a boiler

5. Physical System: control of a boiler

6. Physical System: control of a boiler

7. Physical System: control of a boiler

8. Signals such as pos and temp that can take any value within a continuous (and thus infinite) set of values, are called … ANALOG SIGNALS Signals such as onoff whose values belong to a finite set (in this case a 2-element set), are called… DIGITAL SIGNALS

9. Analog vs Digital     Analog Electronics: An Analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal. It differs from a digital signal in terms of small fluctuations in the signal which are meaningful. Digital Electronics: A digital signal uses discrete (discontinuous) values. By contrast, non- digital (or analog) systems use a continuous range of values to represent information. Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers or letters, or continuous, such as sounds, images, and other measurements of continuous systems.

10. Number Systems and Codes

11. Computer Information Representation

12. Numeration System Most used systems:    Decimal system Binary system Octal system Hexadecimal system Conversion methods will be presented..

13. Decimal System

14. Binary System

15. Exercise Compute the decimal representation of the following binary numbers: 1101 2 11010 2 101001 2

16. Exercise Solution for c. 101001 2

17. Binary System: representation range

18. Binary System: representation range

19. Hexadecimal System

20. Base conversion (Hex Binary)

21. Exercise

22. Exercise (Solution)

23. Base Conversion (Decimal to Binary)

24. Exercise Find Binary Representation of following numbers 43 10 57 10

25. Summary   Computer information representation. Numeration systems (decimal, binary, hexadecimal). Pure binary system and representation range. Base conversion.  

26. Codes  Codes are symbols or group of symbols used to represent numbers, letters or words.

27. Morse Code Morse code uses short and long signals, called dots and dashes, to represent letters and numbers. Samuel Morse, an American scientist, helped developed it to send messages over long distances using wires, radios, sound, or light. Messages are sent by tapping, drumming, buzzing, clicking, or flashing light.

28. Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)  Binary-coded Decimal or BCD is a way of representing a decimal number as a string of bits suitable for use in electronic systems. Rather than converting the whole number into binary, BCD splits the number up into its digits and converts each digit to 4-bit binary. BCD was used in some of the early decimal computers, and the IBM System/360 series systems.

29. Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)   What is the BCD value for 10? 10 (1+0) = 0001 0000  Question: write BCD values for 12, 19 and 21.

30. Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD)  Convert(185) 10 i nto BCD and Binary. Advantages It can easily be used to drive displays, as each digit is encoded separately. Disadvantages It is difficult to perform arithmetic operations (such as adding) on BCD numbers, as it is not as easy to recognize carries, etc. It allows easy conversion to decimal; It is longer than true binary, and so true binary to decimal conversion is difficult and gets increasingly difficult as the number gets longer. It allows easy scaling by factors of 10 require more storage space.

31. ASCII Character Code  ASCII is an acronym for A merican S tandard C ode for I nformation I nterchange. It is a code that uses numbers to represent characters. Each letter is assigned a number between 0 and 127. A upper and lower case character are assigned different numbers. For example the character A is assigned the decimal number 65 , while a is assigned decimal 97 . 

32. ASCII Character Code 1. What does ASCII stand for? a) American Standard Code for Information Interchange b) American Scientific Code for Information Interchange c) American Scientific Code for Interchanging Information d) American Standard Code for Interchanging Information 2. The decimal representation for the character ‘!’ in ASCII is, a) 31 b) 32 c) 33 d) 34 3. Binary Coding for the letter X is, a) 01011000 c) 10001000 b) 00111000 d) 00010100

33. When is ASCII code used?  When a computer sends data the keys you press or the text you send and receive is sent as a bunch of numbers. These numbers represent the characters you typed or generated. Because the range of standard ASCII is to 127 it only requires 7 bits or 1 byte of data. For example to send the string cactus.io as ASCII it would translate to 99 97 99 116 117 115 46 105 111. Microprocessors only understand bits and bytes. To it everything is a sequence of bits. 

34. Summary     Introduction to digital electronics. Conversion of numbers; binary to decimal. Familiarization with BCD. Discussion on ASCII and it’s usage with practical examples.

35. ALGORITHM REPRESENTATION IN PSEUDOCODE

36. Algorithm representation: pseudocode  Sequence of operations whose objective is the solution of some problem such as: complex computation, control of some process, etc. The result of the algorithm execution must be independent of the chosen type of representation. Some common representation methods are: natural language, pseudocode, flow diagrams and programming languages.   Algorithm

37. Algorithm representation: pseudocode    Natural language sentences, Programming language instructions, Key words that define basic structures Pseudocode Similar to programming language but more informal. It uses a mix of

38. Operations and control structures

39. Assignments and types of operators

40. Assignments and types of operators

41. Control structures

42. Control structures

43. Control structures

44. Control structures

45. Control structures

46. Control structures