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1. ISLAMIC ETHICS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRESENTED BY MR. THABITI MOHAMEDI ALLY FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MUSLIM UNIVERSITY OF MOROGORO

2. LECTURE ONE HISTORY OF ETHICS 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 2

3. Definition and meaning of ethics Historical background of ethics and moral values Differences between ethics and moral values Traditions vs behavior, ethics and moral values Development of ethics and moral values Islam and ethics and moral values Who and what initiates ethics and moral values? Measurement of ethics and moral values. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 3 Learning contents

4. D efinition of ethics The word ethics comes from the Greek word “Ethos” which means customs or habits. Ethics is also often called moral philosophy. The word moral is from Latin word “ mores ” which also means customs or habits. Thus, ethics means the science of customs or habits of the society 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 4

5. Aristotle : Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, defined ethics as the study of how individuals should live their lives. He believed that ethics is about determining what is good and right for individuals and society as a whole . Immanuel Kant : Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined ethics as the study of moral duty and obligation. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 5 Definition Of Ethics From Different Scholars

6. John Stuart Mill : John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher, defined ethics in terms of utilitarianism. He believed that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness and wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness . David Hume : David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, defined ethics as the study of human nature and how it relates to morality. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 6 Definition Of Ethics From Different Scholars

7. The origins of ethical thought can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, and Greece. In these societies, ethical principles were often closely tied to religious beliefs and practices. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 7 Historical Background Of Ethics And Moral Value

8. In ancient Egypt, for example, ethics were based on the concept of Ma’at, which represented truth, balance, order, and justice. The Egyptians believed that individuals who lived in accordance with Ma’at would be rewarded in the afterlife. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 8 In Egypt

9. In Mesopotamia, ethical principles were codified in laws such as the Code of Hammurabi. This code prescribed specific penalties for various offenses and emphasized the importance of retribution. The Code consisted of 282 laws, with punishments that varied based on social status (slaves, free men, and property owners). 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 9 In Mesopotamia

10. In India, ethical thought was influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and other religious traditions. These traditions emphasized the importance of non-violence (ahimsa), compassion (karuna), and self-control (samyama) 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 10 In India

11. In China, Confucianism and Taoism were two major ethical traditions. Confucianism emphasized the importance of relationships between individuals and their roles within society. Taoism emphasized naturalness (wuwei) and living in harmony. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 11 In China

12. In ancient Greece, ethical thought was heavily influenced by philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates emphasized the importance of self-knowledge and questioning one’s own beliefs. Plato developed a theory of forms in which he argued that there are eternal and unchanging forms or ideas that exist independently of the material world. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 12 In ancient Greece

13. Today, ethical thought continues to evolve as new challenges arise in areas such as biotechnology, artificial intelligence, environmental sustainability, and global justice . 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 13 In modern time

14. Moral value  refers to the principles and beliefs that guide an individual or a society in determining what is right or wrong, good or bad. These values influence our decisions, actions, and interactions with others. Moral values are deeply ingrained in individuals through upbringing, culture, religion, and societal norms. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 14 Moral values

15. They serve as a compass for ethical behavior and help individuals distinguish between what is morally acceptable and unacceptable . They are based on concepts such as honesty, integrity, fairness, respect, compassion, and responsibility. These values shape our character and contribute to the overall well-being of society. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 15 Moral values

16. One key difference between ethics and moral values is that; Ethics is more theoretical and abstract, focusing on the justification of moral principles, while Moral values are more personal and practical, guiding individual behavior in everyday life . 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 16 Ethics vs Moral values

17. Ethics vs Moral values ETHICS Definition and Scope Refers to a systematic study of moral principles and values that govern the behavior of individuals and groups within a society or organization. It involves the examination of concepts such as right and wrong, good and bad, and how these concepts apply to various situations. MORAL VALUE Definition and Scope Refer to individual or cultural beliefs about what is considered right or wrong, good or bad. These values are deeply ingrained and influence personal behavior and decision-making. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 17

18. Ethics vs Moral values ETHICS Application Often applied in professional settings, such as medicine, law, business, and academia, where there are established codes of conduct and standards of behavior. MORAL VALUE Application Typically guide personal behavior and decision making in everyday life, influencing choices made in relationships, family, and community interactions. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 18

19. Ethics vs Moral values ETHICS Origin and Development Evolves through philosophical inquiry, scholarly debate, and societal consensus. Ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics, provide frameworks for understanding and evaluating moral dilemmas and ethical decision-making . MORAL VALUE Origin and Development Stem from a variety of sources, including religion, culture, family upbringing, and personal experiences. They may vary significantly between individuals and communities based on diverse cultural, religious, and social backgrounds. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 19

20. Ethics vs Moral values ETHICS Flexibility and Universality Can be more flexible and adaptable to changing social norms and cultural contexts. Ethical principles aim for universality and applicability across diverse situations and societies, seeking to establish common ground for moral deliberation and decision-making. MORAL VALUE Flexibility and Universality Tend to be more fixed and resistant to change, reflecting deeply held beliefs and convictions. While some moral values may be widely shared within a particular community or culture, others may vary significantly between individuals or groups. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 20

21. Traditions are customs or beliefs that are passed down from generation to generation within a society. They can encompass various aspects of life, including rituals, ceremonies, celebrations, and social norms. Traditions play a significant role in shaping the cultural identity of a community and are often deeply rooted in history and shared experiences. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 21 Traditions Vs Behavior

22. Behavior refers to the actions, reactions, and conduct of individuals or groups in response to internal or external stimuli. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from simple gestures to complex social interactions. Human behavior is influenced by various factors, including genetics, environment, culture, upbringing, and personal experiences. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 22 Traditions Vs Behavior

23. There are several branches of ethics, which can be categorized into different areas of study. Some of the main branches include: Meta ethics Normative ethics Applied ethics Professional ethics Political ethics 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 23 Branches of ethics

24. Meta Ethics 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 24 It deals with questions like what is meant by being right? Or what is meant by being wrong? Deals with the definition of right and wrong. Meta means by thing it self. Eg. What is meant by a wrong action? So meta ethics Is ethics about ethics. Branches of ethics

25. Normative Ethics 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 25 Deals with questions like ‘ is that action right [ ethical ]? Or ‘was that act wrong ”’. Checks if the action /outcome of an action fits into the definition of right or wrong. Eg: “is it wrong to kill a person?” Branches of ethics

26. Descriptive Ethics 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 26 Deals with peoples belief about morality. Deals with what society think as good or bad. Eg: “ How many among you think that it is wrong to kill a person?” Branches of ethics

27. Applied Ethics 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 27 The most practical branch of ethics. Deals with ethical questions specific to practical fields. Eg. “Is it ethical to allow euthanasia?” Includes bio ethics, legal ethics, business ethics, medical ethics. Branches of ethics

28. Ethical development, is also known as moral development and it focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality from early childhood through adulthood. Morality is cultivated over a lifetime. An individual’s experiences impact their ethical development and how they act when facing moral problems. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 28 Development Of Ethics And Moral Value

29. The development of ethics and moral value in human kind is a complex process that influenced by a variety of factors. The following are the ways in which ethics and moral value are developed: Cultural transmission (beliefs, customs, practices, and behaviors) Personal experience Reasoning (consequences consideration) Biological factor (individual differences in brain capacity) Socialization Moral education 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 29 Development Of Ethics And Moral Value

30. Pre-conventional stage . In this stage, individual’s moral judgments are based on rewards and punishments. They focus on the avoiding punishment and seeking personal gain. The conventional stage . At this stage, individuals begin to understand the importance societal norms and rules. The post conventional stage . In this final stage, individuals develop their own moral principles based on universal ethical values and justice and they focus on societal well being over personal gain. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 30 Stages of moral development

31. 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 31 Islam, Ethics And Moral Values

32. Islam provides a comprehensive framework for ethics and moral values that permeates all aspects of life. Here's a detailed breakdown of some key concepts and principles: Devine guidance Tawhid (oneness of God) Taqwa (God consciousness) Five pillars of Islam Maqasid al-shariah (objective of islamic law) 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 32 Concepts & principles of islamic ethics The Golden rule Ethical virtues Social justice Accountability and justice Ihsan (excellent )

33. The following are some of methods used in measuring ethical behaviors: Behavioral observation. Ethical dilemmas and case studies. Self reporting surveys. Ethical climate survey (in workplace). 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 33 Measurement of ethics and moral value

34. How can businesses ensure ethical decision-making processes are integrated into their corporate culture ? What are some common ethical dilemmas faced by businesses, and how can they be addressed while maintaining moral integrity ? . 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 34 Questions for discussion

35. ****THE END*** WABILLAAH TAWFIIQ 3/25/2024 By. MR THABITI 35