Lecture 1-2 engineering ESET 430 W14.pptx

Energy management

1. 1 Energy Auditing

2. 2 Instructor Dwight Lewis

3. 3 What is Energy Auditing? An Energy Audit is: Study of a building An accounting of energy inputs and outputs with the goal of reducing consumption Most common audits are heat and electrical

4. .. 4 Energy Auditing - Overview EcoEnergy Program ESCO’s Consulting firms Energy Star Program for New Homes

5. 5 History of Residential Incentive Programs Hundreds of audits have been completed in the Kingston area Energuide Program cancelled in May 2006, replaced by EcoEnergy 6 months later, which ended in March 2012. Homeowners paid $ 350 for an audit and could receive up to $5000 in rebates for improvements to building envelop, heating, and DHW. Federal and provincial support is now closed. A replacement program is ‘ rumoured ’ to be coming…

6. 6 Commercial Incentive Programs Ontario Power Authority offers incentives for commercial customers to reduce kWh as well as kW demand. Programs are administered through Local Distribution Companies (LDCs), such as Utilities Kingston.

7. 7 ESCO The ESCO contracts with a customer to install energy efficiency technologies at the ESCO's expense. The ESCO contract provides that the ESCO is repaid through a share in the value of the energy savings that result from the technology installed.

8. 8 ESCO ESCOs are involved in high-efficiency lighting and appliances, computer controlled building operation systems, insulation, high-performance windows and doors, and a wide range of other technologies for saving energy.

9. Consulting Companies Work mainly in commercial auditing Often no subsidies needed since the savings pay for the work OPA offers various subsidies for large users to reduce electricity consumption, audits often required. New field: energy procurement + energy ‘management’. 9

10. 10 RESNET (USA) Adopting and maintaining national standards for home energy ratings. Accrediting home energy rating providers, energy rating training providers, and home energy rating software programs. Working with the mortgage industry in developing innovative residential energy efficiency financing products Educating the public and the housing industry on the benefits of residential energy efficiency

11. 11 Building Construction Basics Foundations Walls Roof/attic Insulation materials

12. 12 Joist Header Area Sill Plate

13. Foundations List 6 types of foundation 13

14. . 14 Foundation Materials ?

15. . 15 Foundation Materials Concrete blocks Stone (especially limestone) Poured concrete Insulated concrete forming (ICF) Preserved Wood (PWF) Brick

16. Wall Structures List 9 above grade wall types . 16

17. . 17 Wall Structures ?

18. . 18 Wall Structures 2x4 or 2x6 with brick veneer 2x4 or 2x6 with siding (2x6 is newer) Double brick (“solid brick”) pre 1940 Concrete block – 1950’s to present ICF – 1990’s to present Post and Beam – 1800’s to present Straw bale – 1990’s to present Stone – 1800’s to present SIP – structural insulated panel (recent)

19. . 19 Wall Structures

20. Types of Frame Platform frame Balloon frame Post and Beam . 20

21. . 21 Platform Framing Terms stud Top plate Bottom plate

22. . 22 Common Terms Joist Rafter Beam Stud Column Truss Joist Header Lintel You should be able to describe each of these with a sketch and/or words...

23. . 23 Common Terms Joist

24. . 24 Common Terms Rafter Ceiling joist Plumbing stack

25. . 25 Common Terms Beam Column Footing

26. 26 Platform Framing Terms stud Top plate Bottom plate

27. . 27 Common Terms Joist Header

28. Rim Joist Often confused with ‘joist header’ . 28 Source: Wikipedia (accessed Jan 2014)

29. Video: ‘Rim Joist Insulation.mp4’ Note ‘incorrect’ use of the term ‘rim joist’. He’s talking about the joist header space. . 29

30. . 30 Common Terms Roof Trusses

31. . 31 Common Terms Half Story Knee Wall

32. . 32 Common Terms Half Story Knee Wall Knee Wall Attic

33. Types of Frame Platform frame Balloon frame Post and Beam . 33

34. Winter 2014 St Lawrence College ESET 430 34 Balloon Framing Studs are 2 stories high Floors hang off studs cmfac.groups.et.byu.net

35. Winter 2014 St Lawrence College ESET 430 35 ‘Post and Beam’ or ‘Timber Framing’

36. Straw Bale Load Bearing 36 Image: Fine Homebuilding

37. Winter 2014 St Lawrence College ESET 430 37 Straw Bale Non-Load Bearing

38. Straw Bale Interior Winter 2014 St Lawrence College ESET 430 38

39. . 39 Wall Structures Solid Masonry Wall

40. . 40 Lath and Plaster on Solid Brick Wall

41. Identifying A Solid Masonery Wall Presence of a ‘soldier course’ in the brick (a sure method) Gable end walls are brick to the roof and brick arches or masonry lintels are evident over windows. (not a sure method, but often correct) . 41

42. Winter 2014 St Lawrence College ESET 430 42

43. Winter 2014 St Lawrence College . 43 Soldier Course

44. . 44 Wall Structures - SIP

45. . 45 Wall Structures - ICF

46. Insulation Types List different types of insulation found in buildings… (polleverywhere.com?) Try for 15!!! . 46

47. . 47 Insulation Types (non foam) ?

48. . 48 Insulation Types (non foam) Cellulose – blown Cellulose – sprayed (rare) Fiberglass batt Fiberglass – loose pour Mineral Wool batt ( Roxul ) Mineral wool – loose pour ( Roxul ) Vermiculite (obsolete – health issues) Sawdust Straw Bubble wrap

49. 49 Insulation Types (foam) ?

50. 50 Insulation Types - Foam Expanded polystyrene (EPS) (rigid board) Extruded polystyrene (XPS) (rigid board) Isocyanurate (rigid board) Polyurethane (2-component, sprayed) Polyurethane (1-component, aerosol) Icynene TM (sprayed) AirKrete TM (sprayed in cavities) UFFI ( ureaformaldehyde )(sprayed in cavities – obsolete; health issues)

51. 51 Building Material R-values Brick/block R 0.30/in Stone/concrete R 0.08-0.10/in (better for less dense concrete) Solid wood – R 1.0/inch Sand and gravel R 0.6/inch Straw R 1.5/inch Silica aerogel* R 30/inch (claims vary!) *not an affordable building material

52. . 52 Common R-Values 3 ½ inch fiberglass R-12 (2x4) 5 ½ inch fiberglass R-20 (2x6) 3 ½ inch mineral wool R-13.5 1 inch cellulose R-3.5

53. Foam R-Values 1 inch extruded polystyrene R-5 1 inch expanded polystyrene R-3.7 1 inch isocyanurate foam R-6.5 1 inch sprayed polyurethane R-6 1 inch AirKrete R-3.9 1 inch Icynene spray foam R-3.7 . 53

54. Summary: R-Values to Know: Brick/block Masonry R0.3/in Wood R1/in Fiberglass and blown cellulose R3.4/in Mineral wool ( Roxul ) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) R3.7/in Extruded polystyrene rigid foam (XPS) R5/in Polyurethane spray foam R5.5/in Isocyanurate rigid foam R6/in . 54

55. . 55 Measuring Insulation Value R units: ft²·° F·h /Btu RSI units: °K·m²/W Conversion: R x 0.1761 = RSI

56. Heat Loss* Q= U x Δ T x A Q is rate of heat flow – units? -watts or btu /hr U is conductivity U= 1/R or 1/RSI A = area . 56 *This is heat loss from conduction and convection. Sometimes radiation and air leakage also contribute a lot to heat loss.

57. Calculations: Heat Loss* Q= U x Δ T x A Q is rate of heat flow – units? -watts or btu /hr U is conductivity U= 1/R or 1/RSI A = area . 57 *This is heat loss from conduction and convection. Sometimes radiation and air leakage also contribute a lot to heat loss.

58. Example …. For an R20 wall of 10m 2 area, what is the rate of heat loss in W when T out = -20 o C and T in = +20 o C? . 58

59. Solution Units are not consistent – mixed metric and imperial. Convert R20 to RSI in metric 20 x 0.1761 =3.522 o Km 2 /W Convert RSI to U U=1/3.522 W/ o Km 2 Q = U x Δ T x A = 1/3.522 x 40 x 10 =114 W . 59

60. Practice question 1: You want to provide heat for an ice fishing tent at a public event. You are considering either an electric or a propane heater. Tent is 10’ x 10’ and 8’ high. Assume a flat top on the tent and overall R-value of 2 for the fabric. Ignore air leakage and downward heat loss. You want to maintain 20 C inside when it is -15 C outside. What is the size of electric heater in watts or propane heater in btu / hr output needed? (answer: 3876W; 13,224 btu / hr ) . 60

61. Practice question 2: How thick would a snow igloo have to be in order to keep the inside at 20C on a -30C night if Diameter is 5m; shape is ½ a sphere Snow has an R value of R1 per inch 1200 watts of heat is supplied Ignore air leakage and downward heat loss (answer: 9.3 inches) . 61