Lecture 1 - Course Introduction and Motivation_bba2e80b-9b08-4759-92be-e6dd96a228cb.pdf

global emission scenario, rise in temperature, emission by different sectors

1. Introduction to the course

2. Curriculum
1.Motivation and Introduction:
•Issue of climate change and role of energy and some basics of energy
•Energy consumption and its impact on global climate: Global and Indian context
2.Climate Change
•Understanding Climate Change: Science, Impacts and Mitigation Options
•Kaya Identity
3.Energy Demand Management
•Importance of demand-side interventions to address climate change: Global and in India
•Industrial demand management
•Transport
•Building and rural demand management
4.Energy supply management
•Solar
•Wind
•Others
5.Alternate Mitigation Strategies
•CCUS (carbon capture utilisation and storage)
6.Net Zero and Global Climate Discussions
•Definition as per some standards
•Global Climate Negotiations

3. Assessment
The assessment will be through continuous interaction:
Assignments (2)20%(~10% each)
One assignment each before and after mid term
Quizzes(3)30% (10% each)
All quizzes will be surprise quizzes – no prior
notification and no make-up quiz will be given
Mid-term25%
Final project: paper and presentation25%

4. Attendance Policy
75% – 100%0 – 5 (pro-rata basis)
50% – 75%0
< 50%Deregistration from course
Students are expected to attend all the classes for their own understanding, and this will reflect on their
performance in the exams. Marks for attendance are prescribed as in the table above.
NOTE: If attendance up to and including the Mid Semester exam is < 50%, the student will be deregistered
from the course. The decision of the instructors in this regard will be final and binding on the student.

5. Climate challenge and Role of Energy

6. GHG: leading to increased temperature

7. What is the concern?

8. Global Warming Potential
WHY ARE SOME GREENHOUSE GASES
MORE POTENT THAN OTHERS?
The concentration level of agreenhousegas in the
atmosphere and the Global Warming
Potential(GWP) of thatgas combine to determine
the impact it has on global warming.

9. Why CO2 is the main concern?
Radiative forcing (or climate forcing) is the change in
energy flux in the atmosphere caused by natural or
anthropogenic factors of climate change as measured by
watts / meter. The global-mean radiative forcing (ΔF) can
be simply related to the equilibrium global-mean surface
temperature change (ΔT) by the simple formulaΔT=λΔF,
whereλis the climate sensitivity parameter
CO2 is the biggest contributor. All other gases converted to
CO2 equivalent for impact analysis.

10. What is the concern?

11. Why Is Climate Change a Problem?
Climate change disrupts weather patterns and causes extreme weather events to become
more common. These include hurricane activity, droughts and floods.
As the global temperature has increased, so has the number of reported natural disasters.

12. Major reasons for CO2 rise - World Population Growth
World population started growing drastically with industrial growth – linked to energy??

13. Energy usage directly linked to CO2 emission

14. GHG emission sector wise

15. Understanding Energy and its growth story

16. What is Energy?

17. Energy – by some definitions
•"Energy is a scalar quantity
associated with the state or
condition of an object or a system.
It the ability to do work or bring
about a change."
•"Energy is a conserved quantity in
nature and represents the ability
of a system to perform work. It is
a measure of the state of a system
and can exist in different forms,
such as mechanical energy,
thermal energy, electrical energy,
chemical energy, etc."
Energy is the capacity to do work or cause a change

18. Sustainable energy
Sustainable energy refers to the provision of energy that meets
present needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.

19. Energy sources, conversion and end-user

20. What is the challenge?
Then how to we achieve sustainable energy?
•The law of conservation of energy, also known
as the first law of thermodynamics, states that
energy cannot be created or destroyed in an
isolated system. It can only be transformed
from one form to another or transferred
between different parts of the system. The
total energy of a closed system remains
constant over time.
•Current major sources can-not be regenerated
as they change form.
•Energy doesn’t remain in form of energy – it
changes to form as per end application need.

21. Some ways and challenges:
1.Work on energy demand management
2.Generate energy from potentially infinite sources
1. Solar
2. Wind
3. Water
4.Nuclear
Challenges:
•Cost of transitioning from current sources
•Intermittency and Storage
•Grid Integration and Infrastructure
•Policy and Regulatory Frameworks
•Public Awareness and Acceptance
•Scale and Deployment

22. Various units of energy
Unit Definition
Joule (J)One joule is equal to the work done when a force of one Newton acts over a distance of
one meter.
British Thermal Unit (BTU) The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one
degree Fahrenheit.
Electronvolt (eV) The energy gained or lost by an electron when it is accelerated or decelerated by an
electric field of one volt.
Calorie SystemThe amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one
degree Celsius
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)A unit of electrical energy equal to one kilowatt (1,000 watts) of power expended for one
hour
Foot-Pound (ft-lb)The energy needed to exert a force of one pound through a distance of one foot
Ton of Coal Equivalent (TCE)The amount of energy produced by burning one ton of coal
Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE)The amount of energy equivalent to the energy contained in one barrel of crude oil

23. Conversion from one unit to the other unit

24. Comparative thermal Values and carbon intensity
Data from Harvard – Dr Daniel Thorpe, 2016

25. Primary, secondary, final energy
Primary
Energy
aw energy sources found in
nature before they are
converted or transformed
into other usable forms
Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil (petroleum), and natural gas.
Renewable Energy: Solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power,
geothermal energy, and biomass.
Nuclear Energy: Uranium and other radioactive materials.
Secondary
Energy
obtained from converting
primary energy sources into
more convenient and usable
forms
Electricity: Generated from various sources such as coal, natural gas,
nuclear power, solar panels, and wind turbines.
Refined Fuels: Gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), produced from crude oil.
Processed Biomass: Biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel derived from
organic matter.
Final Energyenergy delivered to end-use
consumers for their specific
energy needs
Electric Power: Used for lighting, running appliances, charging devices,
and powering electric vehicles.
Gasoline and Diesel: Used as fuel for transportation, including cars, trucks,
motorcycles, and boats.
Natural Gas: Utilized for heating homes and buildings, cooking, and as fuel
for industrial processes.
Heating Oil: Used for space heating in some regions.
Heat Energy: Directly used for heating in industrial processes or
residential heating systems.

26. Examples
To illustrate the energy conversion process:
•Primary energy (coal) is converted into secondary energy (electricity) at a coal-fired power plant.
•The electricity is then distributed through power lines to homes and businesses as final energy.
•At the end-use location, the final energy (electricity) powers various devices like lights, televisions, refrigerators, etc.
Similarly, for another example:
•Primary energy (sunlight) is converted into secondary energy (electricity) using solar panels.
•The electricity is fed into the grid and becomes available as final energy.
•End-use consumers can utilize this final energy to power their homes, charge electric vehicles, or operate electronic devices.

27. Efficiency vs Efficacy
Efficiency •Refers to how well a system or process converts inputs
into outputs or achieves its intended purpose while
minimizing waste or energy loss.
•Measures the ratio of output to the input
•Efficiency measures how effectively a system utilizes
resources to produce a desired result.
•Input and output in same units
•Expressed as a percentage (dimensionless)
•Higher efficiency indicates a more optimal use of
resources.
Example:
Solar panel converts sunlight to electricity to
~ 20% of input power
Efficiency of solar panel ~ 20%
A light bulb converts 80% of the electrical
energy into light and 20% is lost as heat
Efficiency would be 80%
Efficacy •Refers to the ability or effectiveness of a system,
product, or treatment to produce a desired or intended
outcome.
•Focuses on the overall performance and impact of the
system rather than resource utilization.
•Input and output units not same
•Often measured by the degree to which the intended
purpose or goal is achieved.
Example:
A car runs 20 kms on 1 litre of petrol
Carries 4 passenger
Efficacy: 0.25 ltr/passenger for 20 kms or 20
kms/ ltr
Depends on what we are trying to derive
from data

28. World Energy and its growth story

29. •Fire was civilization's first great energy invention, and wood was the main fuel for a long time.
•Wheel was the 2nd biggest invention – so other biggest energy source was mechanical energy (using rotational energy and
pulley system)
•Other different energy resources were first used long back before their mass usage:
•Electricity
–600 BC : Thales, a Greek, found that when amber was rubbed with silk, it became electrically charged and attracted
objects. He had originally discovered static electricity.
–1600 AD: William Gilbert (England) first coined the term electricity from elektron, the Greek word for amber. Gilbert
wrote about the electrification of many substances.He was also the first person to use the terms electric force,
magnetic pole, and electric attraction.
•Oil (petroleum):
–3000 BC: The Mesopotamians of that era used rock oil in architectural adhesives, ship caulks, medicines, and roads.
–2000 BC: The Chinese refined crude oil for use in lighting and heating.
•Natural Gas
–200 B.C.: The Chinese used natural gas to make salt from salt water (brine) in gas-fired evaporators.
–1626 AD: French explorers discovered Native Americans burning gases that were seeping into and around Lake Erie.
Changes in energy use from pre-industrial times
Source: Energy and Civilization A History, Vaclav Smil. MIT Press, 2017

30. •Pre-1850 people primarily used traditional biomass sources
for cooking, heating, and basic manufacturing processes.
•Transportation relied on animal power, wind, and water,
and energy consumption was generally limited to meet
essential needs in relatively small, agrarian societies.
•The increasing use of coal and the development of steam
engines revolutionized industries and transportation,
leading to a surge in energy demand and the subsequent
transition to a fossil-fuel-based economy.
•Coal starts to replace wood and reached 5% of the global
market around 1840. It was 40% by 1895, and 50% by
1900.
•Oil was 5% of the global supply in 1915, and thereafter
started to replace coal.
•Natural gas reached 5% of the global primary supply by
1930 and 25% of it in 1985.
Changes in energy use from pre-industrial times
Source: Energy and Civilization A History, Vaclav Smil. MIT Press, 2017

31. Energy Growth
Serdar Celik: Sustainable Energy, Ch 1
Energy Generation grew significantly with industrial growth – population growth and
per capita both grew simultaneously as people got wealthier

32. Next Class : World energy data and how world
energy dynamics are changing.