Lecture 1 - Introduction of powerplant 2

powerplant 2

1. The Energy Challenge Thermodynamics in a Warming World

2. I am Dr Muhammad Alam Zaib Khan You can find me at @ [email protected] Hello! 2

3. Today’s Lecture The Global Energy Context The Energy Global Energy Usage The Greenhouse Effect & Emissions The Grand Engineering Challenge Mitigation vs. Adaptation Core Thermodynamic Review The Energy Conversion Laws of Thermodynamics Course Description & Assessment Criteria Weekly Lecture Schedule 3

4. The Global Energy Context The Primary Energy & The Climate Change Imperative 1 4

5. The Energy What is Energy ? Foundational input for all economic activity A useful breakdown of energy usage Heating - gas, oil Transportation - oil Electricity - coal, nuclear, gas, hydro Heating - anything will do Transportation - need mobile fuel Electricity - lighting, cooling, industry 5 20 % 30 % 50 % Electricity Transportation Heating Country % of World Population % of World GDP % of World Electricity Consumption China 17.6% 15.3% 31.0% India 17.5% 3.3% 6.8% United States 4.2% 24.3% 14.7% Pakistan 3.0% 0.3% 0.4% Japan 1.5% 3.3% 3.4% Germany 1.0% 3.8% 1.9% United Kingdom 0.8% 3.0% 1.0%  Historically, a  1% increase in electricity consumption  is associated with a  ~1% increase in GDP  for developing economies Global Energy Usage

6. Global Energy Usage Energy consumption is over 600 Exajoules (EJ) per year Demand increased exponentially Current Mix: ~80% of global energy still comes from fossil fuels (Coal, Oil, Natural Gas) Primary source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (~75%) Decoupling essential energy use from GHG emissions 6 Share of Global Primary Energy

7. Energy production and use account for two-thirds of the world’s greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions , meaning that we must bring deep cuts in these emissions, while yet sustaining the growth of the world economy, boosting energy security around the world and bringing modern energy to the billions who lack it today 7 COP21

8. The Greenhouse Effect Radiation from the sun hits the earth Most is in the visible frequency range Some is reflected, most absorbed. Re-radiation rate depends on temperature (∝ T 4 ) At equilibrium, the earth reaches a high enough temperature so that Power in = Power out 8

9. The Greenhouse Emissions 9 Gas Source Global Warming Potential (GWP*) CO₂ Fossil fuel combustion, deforestation 1 CH₄ (methane) Agriculture, landfills, natural gas 25 N₂O Fertilizers, industry 298 HFCs/PFCs Refrigerants, industrial processes 1,000–12,000+ *GWP is a measure of how much heat a gas traps over 100 years compared to CO₂ International Response:   Framed by the  Paris Agreement  goal to limit global warming to  well below 2°C , primarily by transforming the global energy system. Two-Pronged Approach: Mitigation:  Reducing emissions through efficiency, renewables, nuclear, and carbon capture. Adaptation:  Making energy systems resilient to climate impacts (e.g., heat, drought, storms).

10. The Grand Engineering Challenge The Triple Challenge: To build a future energy system that is: Secure & Reliable: Available where and when it is needed. Affordable & Equitable: Accessible to all, supporting development. Sustainable & Clean: Decarbonized to protect the climate. This course provides the technical foundation for the technologies (both existing and emerging) that will meet this challenge. 10

11. Technological Pathways: Mitigation vs. Adaptation Mitigation: Technologies that reduce or prevent emissions. This is the core focus of this course. Efficiency Gains: (The #1 solution) Making existing power plants ( Rankine, Brayton, Combined Cycle ) more efficient. This directly reduces CO 2 per kWh. Fuel Switching: Moving from high-carbon (coal) to lower-carbon (natural gas) to zero-carbon fuels. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS): Zero-Carbon Generation: Nuclear, Solar, Wind, Hydro, Geothermal. Adaptation: Technologies that help us cope with the impacts of climate change. Example: Designing power plants to be more resilient to extreme heat (which reduces thermal efficiency), water scarcity (for cooling), flooding, and superstorms. Example: Designing decentralized microgrids with renewables and storage to maintain power during climate-induced disasters. 11

12. Core Thermodynamics Review (The "How") The Energy Sources, Conversion & The Irreversibilities 2 12

13. Solar Photovoltaics Wind, hydro, waves tidal Ocean thermal Biomass fuels Chemical Nuclear Heat Mechanical work Electricity Geothermal Fission & fusion Fossil fuels: gas, oil coal Fuel cells To end uses: residential, industrial, transportation Sources Energy Forms Sources Energy Sources and Conversion Processes Photosynthesis Direct thermal Climate Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

14. Energy Conversion Laws of Thermodynamics provide limits Heat and work are not the same They are both energy, but.. …cannot convert all heat to work Each conversion step reduces efficiency Maximum work output only occurs idealized reversible processes All real processes are irreversible Losses always occur to degrade the efficiency of energy conversion and reduce work/power producing potential In other words – You can’t win or even break even in the real world Processes Heat Transfer Mass Transfer Chemical Reactions

15. The Laws of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) Δ U = Q - W (Closed system); ṁh in + = ṁh out + (Open system, SFEE). the law that governs energy accounting.   The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Quality of Energy) Concept of entropy, irreversibilities, and the Carnot efficiency limit: η max = 1 - T cold /T hot Carnot Limit: No real plant can be 100% efficient. There will always be waste heat ( Q out ) rejected to the environment. The higher the temperature (T hot ) of heat addition, the higher the possible efficiency. This is the fundamental principle behind superheat, reheat, and supercritical cycles 15 Inefficiencies (Irreversibilities):  Friction, heat transfer across a temperature difference, etc., cause  exergy destruction . This means we burn more fuel than theoretically necessary to generate the same power, leading to unnecessary CO 2 emissions. Our engineering goal is to minimize this. Concept of Steam Tables h-s (Mollier) Diagram Air Tables

16. Course Description The Rankine Cycle, Superheat, Reheat, Regeneration, Feedwater heaters, Efficiency and Heat Rate, Cogeneration The Gas Power Cycle: The Ideal and Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle, Modification of the Brayton Cycle (Regeneration, with reheat and intercooling) Combined Cycle with Heat Recovery, Nuclear Power Plant, Nuclear Fusion and Fission, Radioactivity, Alternative Energies (Solar, Wind) Fuel Cell, Energy Storage, Energy Management and Energy Audit, Environmental Aspects of Power Generation Assessment Criteria: Quizzes & Assignments: 20 % Midterm Examination: 20 % Final Examination: 50 % Class Participation & CEP 10% An attendance of 75% is mandatory to sit in the final examination. Textbooks: Power Plant Technologies; M. M. El-Wakil Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics; M. J. Moran, H. N. Shapiro 16

17. Weekly Lecture Schedule 17 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 8:00 - 11:00 The Energy Context – Introduction The Rankin Cycle, Superheat, Reheat Regeneration, Feedwater heaters Related Problems Efficiency and Heat Rate, Cogeneration Related Problems The Brayton Cycle (Ideal and Non-Ideal) Related Problems Modification of the Brayton Cycle (Regeneration, with reheat & intercooling) Ideal and Non-Ideal Brayton Cycle Mid-Term Examination Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Wee 15 8:00 - 11:00 Combined Cycle, Combined Cycle with Heat Recovery Related Problems Combined Cycle with Multi-Pressure Steam Related Problems Nuclear Power Plant, Atomic Structure, Chemical & Nuclear Equations Nuclear Fusion & Fission Radioactivity, Decay & Half Lives, Chain Reaction Component of Nuclear Power Plant Alternative Energies (Solar, Wind) Fuel Cell, Energy Storage Energy Management and Energy Audit Environmental Aspects of Power Generation Final Examinaiton

18. Any questions ? You can find me at [email protected] Thanks! 18