lecture 1 Nursing and the health care system.pptx

nursing history

1. Chapter 1 : Nursing and the Health Care System 1

2. Learning Objectives Describe Florence Nightingale's influence on nurses' training Explain why nursing is both an art and a science Trace the growth of nursing in the United States from the Civil War to the present Identify educational ladder available to nurses 2

3. Historical overview Nursing in England and Europe Back in the old days: Nurse portrayed as mother caring for family (nurturing role) Good and evil spirits believed to bring health or illness Physician as medicine man 3

4. Beginning of Civilization ( Crusades period) There was a Belief that illness is caused by sin and gods’ displeasure Priest was the physician Nurse were under the direction of the priests physician With growth of Christianity, caring for sick became function of religious orders Nursing became recognized vocation during the Crusades (1100 to 1200 AD)

5. Florence Nightingale In the mid-1800s , during the Crimean War: an English woman felt a calling by God to become a nurse She studied in Germany with a Protestant order of women who cared for the sick 5

6. The Nightingale’s contributions She Cleaned up the wards and improved ventilation, sanitation, and nutrition for sick and injured She Kept records and statistics that reinforced her theories of care Her efforts contributed in reducing death rate of British soldiers

7. She provided classroom assistance and clinical teaching She advocated nursing education should be lifelong She Trained people for future work She selected those with upstanding character

8. Florence Nightingale training school Nightingale training school for nurses, was in England at St. Thomas Hospital She based her curriculum on the following beliefs: Nutrition is important part of nursing care Fresh , clean air is beneficial to the sick Nurses should identify and meet patients’ needs Nursing should be directed toward health and illness Nursing distinct and separate from medicine and should be taught by nurses Nurses need continuing education 8

9. Nursing in North America Lack of nursing care during American civil war Dorothea Dix : she organize women volunteers to provide nursing care for soldiers Clara Barton: she had role in establishing the American Red Cross Lillian wald : Is considered the founder of public health nursing , b ecause she took nursing out into the community 9

10. Nursing in North America Overtime, the schooling became more formal and hospital-based training: Ballard School: 3-month course in practical nursing (no formal classes like in England) Household Nursing School in Boston 10

11. Nursing in North America Students staffed hospitals and worked long hours without pay No formal classes No formal curriculum Education achieved through work Instruction performed bedside by physician 11

12. Nursing in North America In the 20th century, nurses: Moved out into the community Worked with the poor in the cities Provided midwifery services, and taught prenatal , obstetric, and child care Were present during wartime, providing essential care on all fronts 12

13. Nursing practice was influenced by many factors including: Religious (Christian) values Women’s roles War Societal attitudes Nursing Leaders Nursing Education

14. Definitions of Nursing The word nurse originated from the Latin word nutrix , meaning "to nourish .'' Most definitions of nurse describe the nurse as: “ a person who nourishes, fosters, and protects and who is prepared to take care of sick, injured, and aged people.” 14

15. Florence Nightingale : defined nursing as '' the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery" (Nightingale, 1860). 15

16. American Nurses Association (ANA ) defined nursing as " direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family, and the community during health and illness" (ANA, 1973).

17. In 1980, the (ANA) changed this definition of nursing to: "The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems".

18. Aims of Nursing Four broad aims of nursing practice can be identified in the definitions of nursing: To promote health To prevent illness To restore health To facilitate coping with disability or death 18

19. To meet these aims : To achieve the goals of nursing, nurses are equipped with four essential competencies: cognitive, technical, interpersonal, and ethical/ legal skills. These competencies, or skills, are used/ blended together to perform knowledgeable and effective care. 19

20. Evidence-Based Nursing There is increase demand that Nurses determine and provide “best practices” should Using the best research evidence to guide clinical decision making 20

21. Nursing Education Pathways: 1. Practical Nursing Provide direct patient care under supervision of registered nurse, physician , or dentist Offered in vocational schools, hospitals, proprietary schools, and community colleges 21

22. 2. Registered Nursing Graduates of three different programs: Hospital-based diploma program 2-year associate degree at community college 4-year baccalaureate nursing program at a college or university 22

23. 3. Advanced Practice Nursing Graduate programs for master's and doctorate degrees Nurses prepared as specialists in various clinical branches of nursing, in research, or in administration 4. Nurse practitioner programs: RNs continue their training in a specialty 23

24. Delivery of Nursing Care: Functional Nursing Care: The nurse perform particular tasks, such as administration of medication and treatments Team Nursing Registered nurse was the team leader who coordinated care for a group of patients Work tasks assigned to the other team members, practical nurses, and nurse’s aides 24

25. Delivery of Nursing Care: Total Patient Care One nurse carried out all nursing functions for the patient, it provides less fragmented care for the patient Primary Nursing One nurse plans and directs care for a patient over a 24-hour period, this eliminate fragmentation of care between shifts 25

26. Practice Settings Hospitals Home care agencies Renal dialysis centers Physicians’ offices Extended care facilities: Intermediate or long-term care for rehabilitation Ambulatory clinics: for preventive care or treatment of an illness Hospices: Supportive treatment for patients who are terminally ill Neighborhood emergency center : within the community setting 26

27. Today’s Health Care System: Levels of Health Care Preventive Primary Secondary Tertiary Restorative Continuing care 27