lecture 1 Unit-_I_Scope_and_importance_of_biochemistry_-_Copy.pptx

ritical View of Ayub Khan Era (1958-1969)

Slide 1: Introduction

Title: Critical View of Ayub Khan's Era
Overview: Ayub Khan's era (1958–1969) marked a significant period in Pakistan’s political, economic, and social history. His reign, beginning with the first military coup in Pakistan, brought about substantial reforms but also led to various criticisms.
Slide 2: Political Landscape

Military Coup of 1958:
General Ayub Khan ousted Iskander Mirza and declared martial law, starting Pakistan's first dictatorship.
Criticism: The undermining of democratic institutions and civilian governance.
1962 Constitution:
Introduced a presidential system and a controlled form of democracy known as "Basic Democracies."
Criticism: Centralized power in the presidency, limited democratic participation, and allowed only controlled political activity.
Slide 3: Economic Reforms

Green Revolution & Industrial Growth:
Policies favored industrial development and the Green Revolution in agriculture.
Criticism: Economic disparity grew between the rich and poor, and between East and West Pakistan.
Focus on industrial elites created wealth inequality, and rural areas lagged behind in development.
Slide 4: Social Reforms

Family Laws Ordinance (1961):
Reformed laws related to marriage, divorce, and inheritance to protect women's rights.
Criticism: The reforms were progressive but faced opposition from religious groups, who argued they contradicted Islamic principles.
Slide 5: Foreign Policy

Pro-American Alignment:
Shifted foreign policy to align with the United States through SEATO and CENTO.
Criticism: Pakistan became over-reliant on U.S. aid, compromising its foreign policy autonomy.
1965 War with India:
The war ended in a stalemate, with no significant territorial gain.
Criticism: It exposed Pakistan’s military weaknesses, leading to disillusionment and decline in Ayub's popularity.
Slide 6: East-West Pakistan Disparities

Neglect of East Pakistan:
Economic policies and political decisions disproportionately favored West Pakistan.
Criticism: The growing sense of alienation and economic disparity led to widespread unrest in East Pakistan, sowing seeds for future conflict (culminating in the 1971 Bangladesh independence).
Slide 7: Decline and Fall

Tashkent Agreement (1966):
After the 1965 war, the Tashkent Agreement with India caused public outrage.
Criticism: Perceived as a betrayal, as many believed Ayub compromised Pakistan’s interests.
Popular Protests (1968-1969):
Widespread dissatisfaction with economic inequality, political repression, and the handling of the war led to protests, forcing Ayub Khan to step down in 1969.
Slide 8: Conclusion

Legacy of Ayub Khan:
While Ayub Khan brought significant economic development and modernized some sectors, his era was marred by authoritarianism, social inequality, political repression, and the neglect of East Pakistan.
His tenure laid the foundation for future military interventions and political instability in Pakistan’s his

1. Scope and Importance of Biochemistry UNIT-I

2. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Biochemistry 2 Biochemistry has become the foundation for understanding all biological processes. It has provided explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals and plants

3. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar What is Biochemistry ? Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems by: Studying the structure and behavior of the complex molecules found in biological material and the ways these molecules interact to form cells, tissues and whole organism 3

4. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Biochemistry Aim: to describe and explain, in molecular terms , all chemical processes of living cells Structure-function Metabolism and Regulation How life began

5. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Biochemistry Significance: be essential to all life sciences as the common knowledge Genetics; Cell biology; Molecular biology Physiology and Immunology Pharmacology and Pharmacy Toxicology; Pathology; Microbiology

6. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Biochemistry Medical/Veterinary students who acquire a sound knowledge of biochemistry will be in a strong position to deal with two central concerns of the health sciences: (1) the understanding and maintenance of health (2) the understanding and effective treatment of disease Causes of cancers, etc Molecular lesions causing various genetic diseases Rational design of new drugs

7. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Principles of Biochemistry Cells (basic structural units of living organisms) are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state. Living processes contain thousands of chemical pathways. Precise regulation and integration of these pathways are required to maintain life Certain important pathways e.g. Glycolysis is found in almost all organisms. All organisms use the same type of molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids. Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their DNA 7

8. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar History and development of Biochemistry 1903, Neuberg (German): “Biochemistry” “Chemistry of Life”

9. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Two notable breakthroughs (1) Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts (2) Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules Flow of information : from nucleic acids to proteins DNA RNA Protein

10. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar In 1937 ， Krebs for the discovery of t he Citric Acid Cycle - won t he Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 In 1953 ， Watson & Crick for the discovery of t he “ DNA Double Helix ” -won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962 Some historic events

11. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar In 1955 ， Sanger for the determination of insulin sequence - won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956 In 1980 ， Sanger & Gilbert for Sequencing of DNA -won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980 In 1993 , Kary B. Mullis for invention of PCR method -won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993

12. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Organization of Life elements simple organic compounds (monomers) macromolecules (polymers) supramolecular structures organelles cells tissues organisms

13. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Range of the sizes of objects studies by Biochemist and Biologist 1 angstrom = 0.1 nm

14. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar What dose the Biochemistry discuss? structure and function of cellular components proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules Metabolism and Regulation Gene expression and modulation DNA RNA Protein

15. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Monomers /Polymers/Macromolecule Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from single units called monomers . Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of monomer .

16. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Many Important Biomolecules are Polymers monomer polymer supramolecular structure lipids proteins carbo nucleic acids

17. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar How do monomers form polymers? In condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers as they are connected together.

18. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar

19. Anil Gattani, Ajeet Kumar Building block Simple sugar Amino acid Nucleotide Fatty acid Macromolecule Polysaccharide Protein (peptide) RNA or DNA Lipid Anabolic Catabolic