Lecture 2 - Evolution of Computers History.ppt

Computer History

1. The Evolution of ComputersThe Evolution of Computers

2. Early Computing Devices & Early Computing Devices &
Their InventorsTheir Inventors

3. THE ABACUSTHE ABACUS

4. The AbacusThe Abacus
About 5,000 years ago, Chinese
merchants started using the abacus or
suan pan in business transactions.
A device made up of rods of sliding beads
mounted on a frame.
Use to make counting easier and faster.
It is considered the first computer.

5. WILLIAM SCHICKARD &WILLIAM SCHICKARD &
THE CALCULATING CLOCKTHE CALCULATING CLOCK

6. WILLIAM SCHICKARD &WILLIAM SCHICKARD &
THE CALCULATING CLOCKTHE CALCULATING CLOCK
Invented what could be the considered
the first mechanical calculator.
The Calculating Clock could perform
basic addition and subtraction of up to six-
digit number.

7. BLAISE PASCAL & THE BLAISE PASCAL & THE
PASCALINEPASCALINE

8. BLAISE PASCAL & THE BLAISE PASCAL & THE
PASCALINEPASCALINE
Invented the machine called Pascaline.
The machine was created to help the
father of Blaise Pascal who was a tax
collector to add and subtract large amount
of number. It was created on 1642.

9. GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ
& THE STEPPED RECKONER& THE STEPPED RECKONER

10. GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNITZ
& THE STEPPED RECKONER& THE STEPPED RECKONER
Created the Stepped Reckoner in 1694.
the Stepped Reckoner could perform all
four basic math operation (Addition,
Subtraction, Multiplication and Division.)

11. CHARLES XAVIER THOMAS DE CHARLES XAVIER THOMAS DE
COLMAR & THE ARITHMOMETERCOLMAR & THE ARITHMOMETER

12. CHARLES XAVIER THOMAS DE COLMAR CHARLES XAVIER THOMAS DE COLMAR
& THE ARITHMOMETER& THE ARITHMOMETER
Created the Arithmometer in 1820.
A machine capable of performing the four
basic math operations in a simple and
reliable way.
The machine was so successful that even
for one hundred years, the machine was
still being sold.

13. CHARLES BABBAGE AND LADY ADA CHARLES BABBAGE AND LADY ADA
AUGUSTA LOVELACE & THE AUGUSTA LOVELACE & THE
DIFFERENCE ENGINEDIFFERENCE ENGINE

14. CHARLES BABBAGECHARLES BABBAGE
Considered a "father of the computer“
LADY ADA AUGUSTA LOVELACELADY ADA AUGUSTA LOVELACE
Regarded as the world’s first computer
programmer.

15. THE DIFFERENCE ENGINETHE DIFFERENCE ENGINE
A mechanical
device that could
perform
calculations and
print results.
Babbage forced to
abandon the
project because of
lack of funds.

16. THE FIVE GENERATIONS OF THE FIVE GENERATIONS OF
MODERN COMPUTERSMODERN COMPUTERS

17. FIRST GENERATION FIRST GENERATION
COMPUTERS (1939 - 1956)COMPUTERS (1939 - 1956)

18. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERSFIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS
Used Vacuum Tubes and Magnetic Drums
for data storage.
Programs were specifically built to help the
computers do the task for which they were
manufactured.
Machine language was the only language 1
st

generation computer “understood” or
accepted, making them difficult to program.
Computers were bulky
Commercial production is difficult and
costly.

19. ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)
•Design in 1937 by John
V. Atanasoff and Clifford
Berry.
•The world’s first
electronic digital
computer.

20. JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF
& CLIFFORD BERRY & CLIFFORD BERRY

21. THE COLOSSUSTHE COLOSSUS

22. THE COLOSSUSTHE COLOSSUS
Designed in 1943 by British scientist
Alan Turing.
It was used to decode German
messages.

23. ALAN TURINGALAN TURING
THE MAKER OF COLOSSUSTHE MAKER OF COLOSSUS

24. HARVARD-IBM AUTOMATIC HARVARD-IBM AUTOMATIC
SEQUENCE CONTROLLED SEQUENCE CONTROLLED
CALCULATOR (MARK I)CALCULATOR (MARK I)

25. HOWARD AIKENHOWARD AIKEN
THE DEVELOPER OF MARK 1THE DEVELOPER OF MARK 1

26. THE MARK 1THE MARK 1
Developed in 1944 by Howard H.
Aiken.
This computer was used by the US
Navy.

27. THE ENIACTHE ENIAC

28. THE ENIACTHE ENIAC
Also known as Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).
Designed in 1945 by John Presper
Eckert, Jr. and John Mauchly.
This computer was used by the US
Army.

29. JOHN MAUCHLY JOHN MAUCHLY
&&
JOHN PRESPER ECKERT, JR.JOHN PRESPER ECKERT, JR.

30. THE EDVACTHE EDVAC

31. THE EDVACTHE EDVAC
Also known as Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC).
Designed in 1945 by John Von
Neumann.
This computer had a memory that
could hold both data & a stored
program.

32. JOHN VON NEUMANN JOHN VON NEUMANN
THE MAKER OF EDVACTHE MAKER OF EDVAC

33. THE UNIVAC 1THE UNIVAC 1

34. THE UNIVAC 1THE UNIVAC 1
Also known as Universal Automatic
Computer 1(UNIVAC 1).
Built in 1951 by Remington Rand.
This was the first commercial
computer to feature a magnetic tape
storage system.

35. THE SAGETHE SAGE

36. THE SAGETHE SAGE
Also known as Semi-Automatic Ground
Environment(SAGE).
Established in 1954.
This automated aircraft-warning
system was the largest vacuum tube
computer system ever built.

37. SECOND GENERATION SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTERS (1956 - 1963)COMPUTERS (1956 - 1963)

38. THE SECOND GENERATION THE SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS
Was the start of the high-level
programming languages usage.
The start of the making of the first
transistor.
The birth of the two supercomputers
from IBM.

39. THE FIRST TRANSISTORTHE FIRST TRANSISTOR

40. THE TRANSISTORTHE TRANSISTOR
It is a device designed to act as both
a transmitter and a resistor.
The term Transistor comes from
transmitter and resistor.
Replaced the bulky & unreliable
vacuum tubes.
Making computers less power and
space.

41. THE TRANSISTORTHE TRANSISTOR
Invented by John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain and William
Shockley in 1947 at the Bell
Telephone Laboratories.

42. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain John Bardeen, Walter Brattain
& William Shockley& William Shockley

43. HIGH-LEVEL HIGH-LEVEL
PROGRAMMING PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGESLANGUAGES

44. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESPROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
FORTRAN (Formula Translator).
ALGOL (Algorithmic Language).
COBOL (Common Business-
Oriented Language).

45. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESPROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Replace long, difficult machine
language with words, sentences and
mathematical formulas.
Making easier to program a
computer.
Computers are becoming more
accessible to government,
universities and businesses.

46. SECOND GENERATION SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS
THIS INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING
COMPUTERS FROM IBM

47. IBM 704IBM 704

48. IBM 709IBM 709

49. IBM 7094IBM 7094

50. SECOND GENERATION SECOND GENERATION
COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS
THE FIRST TWO
SUPERCOMPUTERS WERE
DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR
NUMERIC PROCESSING IN
SCIENTIC APPLICATIONS.

51. THIRD GENERATION THIRD GENERATION
COMPUTERS (1964 -1971)COMPUTERS (1964 -1971)

52. THIRD GENERATION THIRD GENERATION
COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS
The invention of the integrated
circuit and semiconductor.
The birth of the first successful
minicomputer.
UNIX operating system was born.
The first GUI computer was design.

53. INTEGRATED CIRCUITINTEGRATED CIRCUIT

54. INTEGRATED CIRCUITINTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Developed by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments.
Combined many transistors and
other electrical components into a
small silicon chip.
This makes the sizes of the
computers smaller.

55. JACK KILBYJACK KILBY

56. THE PDP-8THE PDP-8

57. THE PDP-8THE PDP-8
Developed in 1965.
The first computer to use integrated
circuits.
The first commercial successful
minicomputer because of its
reasonable cost, speed and small
size.

58. UNIXUNIX

59. UNIX OPERATING SYSTEMUNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
Developed in 1969 by Kenneth
Thompson and Dennis Ritchie of the
AT&T Bell Laboratories.
Capable of performing multiple task.
It was written in the C programming
language.

60. XEROX STARXEROX STAR

61. THE XEROX STARTHE XEROX STAR
Designed by Xerox corporation in
1970
A Graphical User Interface (GUI)
computer.
It allows user to point and click at
icons making computers easier to
use..

62. FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION
COMPUTERS (1971- Present)COMPUTERS (1971- Present)

63. FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION
COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS
Characterized by the use of
microprocessors.
Microprocessors were introduced.
The first operating system of
Windows was made.

64. THE INTEL 4004 THE INTEL 4004
MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

65. MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR
Developed by Dr. Ted Hoff in 1971.
Also know as Intel 4004.
Can perform many input and output
operations.
Capable of reading and responding to
instructions stored on its memory.

66. DR. TED HOFFDR. TED HOFF

67. THE ALTAIR 8800THE ALTAIR 8800

68. THE ALTAIR 8800THE ALTAIR 8800
Often called the first personal
computer.
Developed by Micro Instrumentation
Telemetry Systems (MITS).
The BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code)
programming language was used.
The BASIC programming language was
developed by Bill Gates and Paul Allen
the founders of the software giant,
MICROSOFT.

69. APPLE IIAPPLE II

70. APPLE IIAPPLE II
Introduced by Apple Computer in
1976.
Appealing to consumers because of
its software and well-written
manuals.
It can also be plugged into a standard
household outlet.

71. WINDOWS OPERATING WINDOWS OPERATING
SYSTEMSYSTEM

72. WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMWINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
Introduced by Microsoft in 1985.
Microsoft continued to improve its
operating system.
Microsoft soon became the
dominating software company for
PC’s.

73. IBM’S DEEP BLUEIBM’S DEEP BLUE

74. DEEP BLUEDEEP BLUE
Invented by IBM in 1996.
The first supercomputer that beat world
chess champion Garry Kasparov in a
match.

75. FIFTH GENERATION FIFTH GENERATION
COMPUTERS (Yet to Come)COMPUTERS (Yet to Come)

76. FIFTH GENERATION FIFTH GENERATION
COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS
In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the
number of transistors on a silicon chip would
double every year.
This prediction was known as Moore’s Law and
indeed it is proven to be true.
Computer scientist are now working on fifth
generation computers.
This are envisioned to possess artificial
intelligence, talk with human beings in ordinary
languages, reason logically and learn from their
own experiences.

77. BALLISTIC DEFLECTION BALLISTIC DEFLECTION
TRANSISTORS (BDTs)TRANSISTORS (BDTs)

78. BALLISTIC DEFLECTION BALLISTIC DEFLECTION
TRANSISTORS (BDTs)TRANSISTORS (BDTs)
Currently in the experimental stage of
development.
These may replace regular transistors in
the near future.
BDTs have the potential to increase the
speed of today’s microprocessors by ten
million times.
This means that computers of the future
are likely to become extremely powerful!

79. VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)

80. VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)
This type of technology allows users
to use all of their senses when
interacting with a computer.
The user feel as if he or she is
completely surrounded by an
artificial environment and he or she
can manipulate the objects in the
virtual world just like real objects.

81. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(AI)(AI)

82. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
This refers to making machines exhibit
human behavior and intelligence.
Scientist are still trying to make robots
that can speak and display common sense,
emotions and consciousness like human
beings.
AI robots are expected to be capable of
adapting the behaviors to surroundings
and to the demands of a certain situation.

83. QUESTIONS AND QUESTIONS AND
CLARIFFICATIONS?CLARIFFICATIONS?