Lecture 25 - BSBCH - GP3 - Forensic Laboratory.pptx

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1. Forensics Laboratory Group No. 3 1 Submitted By Rijaab Akhtar (17-Arid-2099) Asif Nawaz ( 17-Arid 2071) Misbah Zeb Kiani (17-Arid-2090) Wajeeha Abbasi (17-Arid-2111) Javaria Amjad ( 17-Arid-2081) Nimra Qureshi (17-Arid-2098) Ayesha Sarwar (17-Arid-2074) BCH-7 th Morning

2. Introduction Asif Nawaz 1 7-Arid-2071 2

3. What is Forensic science ? It is a scientific method of gathering and examining information about an accident or incident happened in past. Process used as part of a criminal investigation is considered forensic science . The word forensic comes from the Latin word “Forensis”. Forensis means forum. So forensic is effectively used as synonym for legal or matters related to court. 3

4. History Of Forensic Science Bernard Spilsbury Fist documented use of physical evidence. (1784) In 1850s fist time blood tests and photographs were used in criminal investigations. Galton’s contribution. (1892) K.Landsteiner’s blood groups identification. (1900) Fist Forensic Lab in world by French Scientist Locard. (1910) Advancement likes chromatography, spectroscopy, electrophoresis and DNA d ata bases. 4

5. Forensic L abs Forensic Labs or crime labs are scientific laboratories which primarily use forensic science for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases. 5

6. Classification of forensic labs Forensic labs can be divided into four main different areas of investigations. Biology Chemistry DNA Drugs and Toxicology 6

7. Classification of forensic labs Forensic labs can also be divided on the basis of many areas of investigations: Fingerprint lab Trace evidence lab Serology /DNA labs Photography lab Chemistry lab Firearm lab Material lab 7

8. Forensic Laboratory Design and Crime Scene To Forensic Lab Journey Misbah Zeb Kiani 17-Arid-2090 8

9. Considerations while designing Laboratory design defines spatial requirements of the laboratory. General forensic laboratory design is; Adaptable Flexible for interior and exterior changes Modular casework and furnishing to scale up or down Safe for the occupants and lab materials Collaborative layout Zoned between non-lab and lab sections High performance levels of cleanliness, temperature, and humidity controls 9

10. No one universally correct plan for forensic laboratory design. Design varies with each laboratory unit and its specific needs. It depends on; Type of analysis being conducted Functional requirements Space and instruments needed Sample size 10

11. Lab construction Design team has forensic consultants that give a layout of the laboratory according to the needs. Construction team consists of contractors and engineers who will physically construct the laboratory. Design team work with the user group having lab directors and then construction team to plan and construct the laboratory layout. Design is analyzed and reviewed. 11

12. Lab design is constructed on the principles given by various organizations like; International organization for standardization (ISO) Environmental protection agency (EPA) Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) After design approval by internal laboratory authorities, it is approved for external capabilities like funding. Now, a statement of work (SOW) and a request for proposals (RFP) is made. Building information modelling (BIM) is also done to represent a digital design of the building and facilities. Work is started after approval. 12

13. General forensic lab design Specialized lab units and rooms for evidence investigation and result storing Separate evidence examination and evidence storing rooms Secure workstation to avoid sample and result tampering Separate chambers for victim and suspect away from lab working area Compartmentalized laboratory units Building systems reliability  13

14. Building and interior design Exterior wall material should be bullet-resistant Reflective and bullet-resistant glazing windows Class 2 biological safety cabinets HEPA Filters PCR amplification rooms Vacuum system for lab gases Fume hood exhaust, separate from building exhaust system 14

15. Lab waste water systems, chemical waste should be separate Temperature Controls Fire and security alarms Closed circuit television (CCTV) system Emergency eyewash units Epoxy resin countertops are preferred for work as they are fire, and chemical resistance required for heavy-duty usage 15

16. Crime scene to Forensic lab On report of a crime, police seals the area and a crime scene investigator is called first. He works to examine the scene and gather evidence. He works by taking; photographs physical evidence Crime scene investigation technicians work under the supervision of a crime scene investigator to gather evidence. 16

17. Crime Scene Investigation Establish the scene dimensions Establish security  Plan, communicate and coordinate  Conduct a primary survey/walkthrough Document and process the scene Conduct a secondary survey/review Record and preserve evidence 17

18. Evidence collected Biological evidence (e.g., blood, body fluids, hair and other tissues) Latent print evidence (e.g., fingerprints, palm prints, foot prints) Footwear and tire track evidence Trace evidence (e.g., fibers, soil, vegetation, glass fragments) Digital evidence (e.g., cell phone records, Internet logs, email messages) Firearm evidence (e.g., gun , shell casings, bullets) Drug evidence 18

19. Criminal detective The criminal detective works with a team of crime scene investigators. He is responsible for; I nterviewing persons of interest and victims P iecing together the information from evidence collected Gathered evidences and information is sealed and sent to forensic laboratory for forensic process. 19

20. THE FORENSIC PROCESS Nimra Qureshi 17-Arid-2098 20

21. The team of forensic investigation The Forensic laboratory activities are a carried by a set of personnels who apply the body of knowledge related to laboratory methods, policies, procedures, regulations, and practices when processing evidence for criminal and civil investigations. The responsibility of this team is to collect, preserve, analyze scientific evidence and record the results and data during an investigation. A forensic investigation team develop objective findings that can assist in the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of crime or absolve an innocent person from suspicion.

22. Forensic team overview 22

23. Laboratory Manager The Forensic Laboratory relies upon the Laboratory Manager to develop and maintain an efficient, high-quality forensic laboratory. The person has an important a role to maintain a balance in the scientific principles, requirements of the Criminal Justice System, and the effects on the lives of individuals that are a subject of the investigation.  First Responder Is the first individual on the crime or he can be the first Forensic Analyst on the site of the incident. 23

24. Forensic Analyst Is the person responsible for performing forensic work on a case in the Forensic Laboratory. Forensic Team Group of Forensic Analysts deployed on a given case. Information processing system Any system capable of processing digital information . This covers computers of all types e.g ., desktops , laptops , and servers as well as PDAs , smart phones , and other computer-related peripherals 24

25. Lead Forensic Analyst Is the person who oversees a team of Forensic Analysts When there is only one Forensic Analyst, he or she is the Lead Forensic Analyst for the case. Incident Manager The person managing an incident irrespective of what organization they are from. 25

26. Working of a forensic laboratory The main function of a Forensic Science Laboratory is to provide an unbiased scientific report to the investigating agencies and thus help the judiciary system. The process is based on scientific principles and follows defined scientific methodologies. These processes are repeatable, reviewable, refinable, and recordable. 26

27. Phases of a forensic process The first phase is the Identification phase, where evidence is acquired with an approval from the authorities and checked for its authenticity. It is followed by the Acquisition phase where th e evidence is brought under the forensic backup. The Analysis phase comprises the tasks of forensic analysis of the acquired evidence. The final phase is the reporting phase where all extracted results are documented, and the evidence is retained 27

28. Identification phase This phase is the complete analysis of the site of incident and the collection of all the evidences in every potential form followed by their appropriate packaging for their transport. Evidences can be physical , chemical, biological. 28

29. All the evidences should be collected and packed in appropriate packaging and should be transported in special containers according to their type. 29

30. The packaged evidence should be labelled with formal details that can include, Agency case number Item number. Date recovered or received. Evidence type. Collecting officer and etc. The labelling is a proof that the items of evidence collected at the crime scene is the same evidence that is being presented in a court of law. 30

31. Acquisition phase The samples are acquired by specific personnel's of the laboratory that are responsible for their chain of custody of the evidence. The personnel's verify the samples and place them in appropriate locations within the laboratory. The chain of custody ensures the sample security and protects the evidence from sample tampering. 31

32. ANALYSIS PHASE For their analysis, the evidences are sent to different units of a forensic laboratory for appropriate analysis where special tests are performed to investigate the evidence. REPORTING PHASE A  forensic report  simply and succinctly summarizes the substantive evidence in a criminal case. A complied forensic report consists of the following. Title page. T able of contents. R eason for the investigation. S ignature page. Evidence examined. D escription of your investigation. Details of your findings . 32

33. Documentation of the forensic report. “ Forensic Documentation  &  Reports  " refers to the  document  or paper trail showing the seizure, custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of physical and electronic evidence. It is the process of validating how any kind of evidence has been gathered, tracked and protected. 33

34. UNITS OF FORENSIC LABORATORIES Rijaab Akhtar 1 7-Arid-2099 34

35. Forensic laboratory has many units providing different areas of investigation After collecting evidence it is assigned a unique laboratory/unit The units available in different labs will vary from one to the other However, the need for certain analyses and the budget of each lab determines the availability of the departments. 35

36. Trace evidence Unit In forensic labs the Trace Evidence Unit (TEU) identifies and compares specific types of trace materials. These trace materials could be transferred during the commission of a violent crime. 36

37. This unit analyzes evidence such as fibers, hair, fabric, dust, skeletal remains, explosive residues, glass, soils, paints and coatings, and other materials Infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify the structure of substances. Like it can be used to analyze paint or fibers and allows forensic technicians to match trace evidence from a crime scene or body. Trace evidence from arson investigations can be analyzed by using gas chromatography to determine the accelerants used to start the fire.  37

38. Photography Unit Photography plays a vital role in the forensic laboratory. Photography is used to document crime scene evidence. It examines and records physical evidence. 38

39. Processing resources allow specialists to analyze photographs and bring the evidence to light Photographic evidence including film, video, digital images and prints can be examined They are examined to determine whether the image is the result of a composite, an alteration, or a copy 39

40. Toxicology Unit Forensic--toxicologists evaluate organs and bodily fluids to determine the presence of any substances that could have caused or contributed to death. It identifies and quantifies drugs, alcohols, and poisons in biological samples such as blood, urine, or tissue Specialists in the area of toxicology rely on gas chromatographs, mass spectrometers, atomic absorption and microscopes to identify chemicals. 40

41. They are also responsible for determining the alcohol concentration in blood in drunk-driving cases. The information is used by law enforcement and the courts to help determine if laws have been broken and/or if criminal charges are warranted. 41

42. Document Examination U nits Traditionally, forensic document examination units are part of a forensic science laboratory. These units examine and compare handwriting, type-writing, printing processes, inks. It does the study to ascertain authenticity and or source on questioned documents. 42

43. A typical documents unit in a forensics laboratory is equipped with microscopes, digital imaging instrumentation, infrared and ultraviolet light sources, video analysis tools and specialized equipment including electrostatic detection devices (EDD) and materials to perform analytical chemistry. Many forensic document examiners use only non-destructive techniques that use light and/or electrostatics to examine documents for indented impression evidence or ink differentiation. However, a few examination techniques, such as liquid chromatography, are considered destructive because they require removal of small samples of ink from the documents.  43

44. UNITS OF FORENSIC LABORATORIES Ayesha Sarwar 17-Arid-2074 44

45. Fingerprint Unit Fingerprints are unique patterns of lines on hands and fingertips D o not change throughout life unless subjected to damage Identification of a suspect’s fingerprint is strong evidence from which the court can draw inference that the suspect is connected to the crime F ingerprint unit processes both latent and patent  fingerprints 45

46. Latent fingerprints Not visible to the naked eye Formed from oil residue left behind from a person's fingertips The oil adheres to smooth surface thus transferring these fingerprint impressions to those surfaces Patent fingerprints These fingerprints are clear to the naked eye left on a surface with blood, ink or other liquid substance Can be formed as an moulded impression of fingerprint Like a fingerprint on cheese or clay 46

47. Fingerprint Detection T echniques Powders The powder particles adhere to the humid, or greasy substances in the latent fingerprint deposit Example include carbon black, graphite, and metal oxides but aluminium flake is considered the most sensitive powder. Its qualities are flat plate-like structure of each particle and better adherence powder 47

48. Gentian violet A staining solution containing gentian violet detect fatty components in the latent fingerprint deposit. solution contains phenol to aid the absorption intense purple coloration results Ninhydrin widely used chemical reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces such as paper and cardboard The compound reacts with the amino acid component of the fingerprint deposit give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann’s purple 48

49. Cyanoacrylate fuming Cyanoacrylate esters are colorless, quick-setting, high-strength adhesives Cyanoacrylate vapor, polymerizes on latent fingerprint to form a solid white image of the fingermark The moisture and alcohols present in the latent deposit catalyze the polymerization Cyanoacrylate fuming chamber 49

50. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) Biometric scanning process, automatically matches unknown fingerprints against a database of known prints. In the United States Fingerprint examiners have access to Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System. Containing the fingerprints of more than 70 million criminals 34 million civilian fingerprints. 50

51. Firearm Unit Examines all types of ammunitions like firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases examines firearms discharge residue identify the bullet marks approximate distance from a target at which a weapon was fired 51

52. Trajectory Analysis trajectory of bullet is path it travels from the time it leaves the barrel of the gun to when it comes to rest flight of a bullet can be very short, or it can be very distant the bullet has a distinct angle of entry into the target and help to estimate the geographic location of the originating shot In cases of drive-by shootings, the pattern of trajectories can show the movement of shooter and its direction 52

53. Serology Unit This unit searched for biological evidence containing potential DNA identification and analysis of Bloodstains, Bodily fluids cases include sexual assaults, burglaries, homicides, assaults, and robberies. Bloodstain analysis covers the following questions Is the stain blood? Is the stain animal or human blood? If human blood, what type? 53

54. Blood spatter analysis careful examination of how blood is distributed inside the crime scene blood spatter patterns can help locate the point of attack what sort of weapon was used For instance, a person being struck with a baseball bat will begin to bleed and droplet spatter pattern will be observed in the direction of the strike Helps to determine number of strikes Direction of strikes 54

55. DNA analysis the source of a body fluid can be identified through DNA testing The samples can be skin tissue, hair, blood etc. If the DNA matches, then the suspect was at the scene of the crime Helps to exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes Establish paternity and other family relationships 55

56. Quality Control and Quality Assurance Javaria Amjad 17-ARID-2081 56

57. Quality Assurance (QA) Quality assurance uses a broad methodology of compiling and following written procedures for the collection, handling, preservation, transportation and laboratory analysis of materials to ensure reliability and accuracy. A well-developed quality assurance program should address any action in an investigation where error or inconsistencies can be introduced. Quality Control (QC) Quality control identifies the on-going mechanisms used to achieve those goals. Quality control monitors and confirms the precision and accuracy of the results. 57

58. Current QC and QA Guidelines The 1992 report (NRC 1992) outlined many features of desirable QC and QA as part of a proposed regulatory program ''Individual analysts have education, training, and experience commensurate with the analysis performed and testimony provided. "Analysts have a thorough understanding of the principles, use, and limitations of methods and procedures applied to the tests performed. "Analysts successfully complete periodic proficiency tests and their equipment and procedures meet specified criteria. "Reagents and equipment are properly maintained and monitored. 58

59. "Procedures used are generally accepted in the field and supported by published, reviewed data that were gathered and recorded in a scientific manner. "Appropriate controls are specified in procedures and are used. "New technical procedures are thoroughly tested to demonstrate their efficacy and reliability for examining evidence material before being implemented in casework. "Clearly written and well-understood procedures exist for handling and preserving the integrity of evidence, for laboratory safety, and for laboratory security. "Each laboratory participates in a program of external proficiency testing that periodically measures the capability of its analysts and the reliability of its analytic results. "Case records—such as notes, worksheets, autoradiographs, and population data banks—and other data or records that support examiners' conclusions are prepared, retained by the laboratory, and made available for inspection on court order after review of the reasonableness of a request." 59

60. Proficiency-Testing and Audits Assessment mechanisms for critical self-evaluation of laboratory performance Proficiency-testing entails the testing of specimens are in the same form as evidence samples Audits are independent reviews to determine whether the laboratory is performing according to a defined standard Good QA programs have a mixture of regular internal and external assessment . The inspection body shall conduct periodic internal audits in a planned and systematic manner at least once every 12 months. 60

61. Safeguarding against Error There are potential sources of error at every stage in the processing of physical evidence, from collection in the field through laboratory analysis to interpretation of results of analysis. Not all lapses have deleterious consequences; many have no consequences. Many are readily identified and can be corrected. There is no single solution to the problem of error. To achieve accurate results, care and attention to detail and independent checks must be used at all stages of the analytical process.  61

62. Sample Mishandling and Data-Recording Errors Mix-ups or mislabeling of samples or results can occur at any point where evidence is handled or data recorded, that is, From the time of evidence collection in the field To the writing of the final report Safeguards against sample mishandling in the field include Proper training of personnel involved in sample collection submission of complete evidence items to the laboratory Mix-ups in the laboratory as samples are being removed from evidence items for analysis can be minimized by sample-handling policies that allow only one evidence item to be handled at a time. 62

63. Faulty Reagents, Equipment, Controls, or Technique Regular monitoring of reagents and equipment is part of any standard QA program. Use of appropriate QC standards and of positive and negative controls is part of routine testing  Regular monitoring of test outcomes with standards and controls allows recognition of gradually emerging problems with reagents, equipment, controls, standards, and overall procedure that might otherwise be overlooked North American forensic laboratories perform VNTR analysis use DNA from the human cell line K562 as a positive typing control. Monitoring of K562 fragment-size measurements within a laboratory over time and comparison of measurements between laboratories allow identification of "drift" due to procedural modification, reagent variation, or equipment deterioration. 63

64. Evidence Contamination Different kinds of contamination have different consequences for analysis. Contamination with nonbiological materials N onhuman biological materials can result in test failures but not in genetic typing errors. These contamination can be Inadvertent contamination  Mixed samples are contaminated by their very nature Carryover contamination  64

65. Accreditation and Certification The Laboratory Manager shall achieve and maintain whichever certifications and accreditation that the Top Management deem necessary. ANAB has provided accreditation of forensic service providers based on ISO standards for forensic agencies in the United States. Accreditation is based on assessment of an agency's technical qualifications and competence for conducting specific testing, calibration, and/or inspection activities within the scope of ISO/IEC 17025 or ISO/IEC 17020 and any relevant field-specific standards included in amplification documents.  65

66. ISO Certifications For Different Units ISO 15489—Information, documentation, and record management ISO 17020—Conformity assessment, requirements for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection ISO 17025—General requirements for the testing and calibration laboratories ISO 22301—Societal security, Business continuity, and management systems ISO 27001—Information technology, Security techniques, Information security management systems and requirements ISO 9001—Quality management systems requirements OHSAS 18001—Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems;l In-house digital forensic procedures 66

67. Forensic Laboratories In Pakistan Wajeeha Abbasi 17-ARID-2111 67

68. Forensic Laboratories In Pakistan In Pakistan forensic has been ignored for a long time. Due to increase in terrorism efforts were made for the establishing and proper functioning of the forensic laboratory to help criminal investigations. The forensic labs in Pakistan are discussed in following slides. 68

69. National Forensic Science Agency It is the latest and well equipped lab in Pakistan . It was approved by the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council as an autonomous body in 2002and have departments of crime scene Investigation trace chemistry, questioned documents and digital forensics. Objective: To help establish other forensic science laboratories across the country. . To provide quick, credible and timely forensic science services with approach and affordability to all those seeking truth and justice To prepare, validate and implement a proper evidence management system To establish state of the art forensic labs at Islamabad and to assist GB, AJK and different provinces of the country to establish similar facilities To establish training institute for production of highly skilled technical staff and forensic experts To promote cooperation among forensic science laboratories. 69

70. Punjab Forensic Science Agency The Punjab Forensic Science Agency is an agency under the Home Department, of the provincial Government of Punjab of Pakistan.  It provides forensic science services primarily to law enforcement in the Province. The Punjab Forensic Science Agency (PFSA) Act was passed on October 2007 for the establishment of the Forensic Science Agency which ultimately lead to the establishment of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency on 2012. Some services the Agency provides are 70

71. Computer Forensic Unit Crime & Death Scene DNA & Serology Forensic Photography Firarm & Tool Marks Narcotics Latent Finger Prints Pathology Polygraph Questioned Document Toxicology Trace Chemistry 71

72. Sindh Forensic DNA And Serology Laboratory The Sindh Forensic DNA and Serology laboratory (SFDL) is a futuristic laboratory in the province of Sindh which provides all DNA and Serology services. Objective: It is build to help police and prosecution departments during investigations with the modern technology. Proper investigation of the crime scene is very crucial step in forensic DNA analysis. For the collection of forensic evidence from crime scene  SFDL has also intending to train the Investigating officers, Medico legal Officers and prosecutors. 72

73. Liaqat University Of Medical And Health Science  In 2004 the Higher Education commission sponsored a project for Rs. 14.7 million to establish Forensic Science Laboratory in the Department of Forensic Medicine. It is build training of the undergraduates/ post gradates to help the public for the injustice done to them in Medicolegal practice. 73

74. Institute Of Forensic Science KPK KP police have developed an Institute of Forensic Science (IFS) in Peshawar with assistance from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the Australian Federal Police. The institute now houses the Forensic Science Laboratory established in 1976. It consists of six specialized units for analysis of chemicals and narcotics, latent fingerprints, firearms and toolmarks , questionable documents, forensic photography, and digital forensics. The lab provides forensic services to the Pakistan Customs, the Excise and Taxation Department, the Anti-Narcotics Force, the National Accountability Bureau, the Anti-Corruption Establishment, the Frontier Corps, the FATA administration, and Malakand Levies. 74

75. Current Status Of Forensic Science In Pakistan The first forensic laboratory was established before Partition in1906 . In 2001 federal government decided to improve forensic science infrastructure to upgrade the existing one and establish more laboratories in the different regions. In 2002, NFSA is approved as an autonomous body having different departments. The agency became functional in 2006 with the initial budget of Rs 1.29 billion. In 2007 PSFA act was passed. PSFA was established in 2012 having 14 different well equipped forensic laboratories. crimes. The advent of DNA data base recently at PFSA has proved a major breakthrough in solving crimes through DNA profile comparison, to identify the real culprit. 75

76. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa police has established Forensic Science Laboratory and Institute of Forensic Science in Peshawar on December, 2017 to provide preliminary forensic facilities. There is a crucial need to establish forensic labs in other provinces of Pakistan to solve cases on merit. A huge amount of cases are pending in our police department and the police personnel are unfamiliar to Personal Protective Equipment and not trained to secure the crime scene and to collect the physical evidence without contamination. Apart from Punjab, Sindh , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan have not well developed and satisfactory forensic investigation facilities and responsible chain of custody. 76

77. Conclusion Forensic sciences is in a unique position among all other scientific field because of its important social impact. Forensic science is at the interface of natural sciences and law implications in civil and criminal cases. In Pakistan this field was ignored. Pakistan need to build more forensic laboratories in different regions of the country to ensure peace and justice. 77

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