Lecture 4 means end analysis

This Lecture/Presentation About Means-End Analysis (MEA), and is for the students of BS Computer Science, there may be mistakes and errors, therefore suggestions and corrections are warmly welcome.

1. CS552
Artificial Intelligence-
Means-End Analysis
BSCS-5
th
Semester-2020
Prepared By:
Mr. Rahat Ullah
[email protected]
Department Of
Computer Science
Government Degree
College Gulabad Dir (L)
KPK Pakistan

2. What is Means-End Analysis?

3. What is Means-End Analysis?
MeansEndAnalysis(MEA)isaproblem-solvingtechniquethathas
beenusedsincethe1950stostimulatecreativity.
TheMEAtechniqueasaproblem-solvingstrategywasfirstintroducedin
1961byAllenNewellandHerbertA.Simonintheircomputerproblem-
solvingprogramGeneralProblemSolver(GPS).
MeansEndAnalysisisalsoawayoflookingattheorganisational
planning,andhelpsinachievingtheend-goals.
MEAisaproblem-solvingtechniquethatidentifiesthecurrentstate,
definestheendgoalanddeterminestheactionplantoreachtheend
stateinamodularway.

4. What is Means-End Analysis?
EndGoalsaresplitintosub-goalsandsub-subgoalsandthenaction
plansaredrawntoachievesub-goalsfirstandthenmovetowards
achievingthemaingoalprogressively.
Mostoftheproblem-solvingstrategieswillhaveeitherforwardactionsor
backwardactions.
ButMEAwillhaveamixtureofactionplansineitherofthedirectionsto
solvetheproblemsinamodularway,inthesensethatitattemptstosolve
themajorproblemsfirstandgetbacktominorproblemslaterorvice
versa.
MEAisusedinAIprogramming,GeneralManagement,and
Psychologyareas.

5. What is Means-End Analysis?
TheMEAtechniqueisastrategytocontrolsearchinproblem-solving.
Givenacurrentstateandagoalstate,anactionischosenwhichwill
reducethedifferencebetweenthetwo.
Theactionisperformedonthecurrentstatetoproduceanewstate,and
theprocessisrecursivelyappliedtothisnewstateandthegoalstate.

6. What is Problem Solving?
Problem-solvinghasadifferentmeaninginseveralcontexts.
Incomputerscience,aspartofArtificialIntelligence,ProblemSolving
referstotheapplicationofalgorithms,heuristics,androotcauseanalysis
tofindsolutions.
Inpsychology,itdealswiththelogicofreachingadesiredgoalstatefrom
theproblematiccurrentstatecognitivelybyintrospection,analysis,and
experimentations.etc.

7. Where MEA is Used?
Means-End Analysis is used in the following disciplines:
1.Artificial Intelligence application
2.General Management area
3.implementing Business transformation projects
4.personal life

8. Where MEA is Used?
1. Artificial Intelligence:
MEAisacreativeproblem-solvingtechniqueusedinArtificial
Intelligenceapplicationforaquitelongtime.
Fromthesearchspaceofpossiblesolutionsavailableinthe
system,AIselectsthebestpossiblesolutionbyapplyingtheright
searchstrategyoralgorithm.
Thisalgorithmdealswithaninitialstateandendstateandtheaction
planandmovementinforwardandbackwarddirections.
Thisrecursivealgorithmoptimizesthesearchoperationandachieves
theendgoalwithminimumeffort.

9. Where MEA is Used?
2. General Management:
In the General Management area, MEA facilitates organization
planning to attain the goals.
Goals are split into objectives and each objective is further split into
action steps.
Breaking up goals into actionable tasks helps management to reach
the end statesuccessfully.

10. Where MEA is Used?
3. Implementing Business Transformation:
MEAhelpsinimplementingBusinesstransformationprojectsby
identifyingasitisastate,definingtostateandlistingthenew
businessprocessestobedeveloped.
Thesenewprocessesarefurthersplitintosub-processfor
effectiveimplementation.

11. Where MEA is Used?
4. Personal Life:
InpersonallifealsoonecanfollowMEAmethodologytosolve
problemsorattainaspecificgoal.
Ithelpstomanageoverwhelmingsituationsbyclearlyunderstanding
thereasonsforcurrentstatusandreachtheendstatusbyexecuting
theplannedactions.
MEAhelpsinavoidingfrustrationsandmentaldepressionandleada
peacefullife.

12. How MEA works?
Measuresthecurrentstateandidentifiestheproblemsandpainpoints
facedinthecurrentstate.
Definestheto-bestate(goalstate)tobereached.
Splitsthegoalsintosub-goalsandsub-goalsintofurthersub-sub-goals.
Forexample,longtermgoalscanbesplitintoshorttermgoals
andfurther.
Determinestheactionstobeexecutedtoreachthegoalstate.
Connecteachsub-goalwithexecutableactions.
Includesallintermediatesteps,relevantactionstoaddresstheissues
facedinthecurrentstate.
Makesthesestepsdetectableanddevicewaysandmeanstotrackeven
smallchangesintheactualandto-bestate.

13. How MEA works?

14. Algorithms for MEA?
The algorithm for MEA consists of the following steps:
Step 1:Measure the current state of things by doing as is the study and
capture the status at a macro level and to a possible micro level.
Step 2:Capture the deficiency in the current state and avenues for
improvements (wish list) and define the goal state (to-be state).
Define the to-be state at a macro level and to a possible micro level.
Step 3:Compare the Current state and Goal state and if they are at the
same level the problem is resolved.

15. Algorithms for MEA?
Step 4:List the differences between the current state and goal state at
macro and micro levels.
Step 5:Convert the differences into deletions/modifications to current state
and new additions.
Step 6:Define the action to implement the changes as defined in step-5.
Step 7:Implement the changes and measure the actual results with the
planned goals.
Step 8:Do course correction and achieve the final goal.

16. Department Of Computer Science
Government Degree College Gulabad Dir (L)
KPK Pakistan | [email protected]
Thanks for the
Attention!