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1. BUILDING SERVICES I QC 223 INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Marobhe SUB TOPICS (To be covered today): Sanitary installation

2. INTRODUCTION Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human wastes. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage waste water . Sanitary installation includes installation of systems for managing human wastes in the building. This includes installation of: Sanitary Appliances Sewage treatment/ disposal Drainage systems in the building.

3. SANITARY APPLIANCES Sanitary appliances refers to the wares which are used to transfer human wastes to the drainage systems/ sewage systems. Sanitary appliances can be divided into: Waste appliances (wash basins, sinks, shower etc.) Soil appliances (water closet, urinals etc ) The following are design requirements for sanitary appliances: Durability , easy cleaning , non-absorbent surface , and minimum fouling area .

4. WATER CLOSETS A WC is a plumbing fixture primarily intended for the disposal of human waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to the main sewer stack . This is the most common type of plumbing appliance and also known as a toilet.  WCs can be classified into: Western type WCs Wall hung (Wall mounted) Back to wall (Floor mounted) Asian type WCs

5. WATER CLOSETS Western type WCs This is the type of WCs in which the user can sit while using the toilet. These are also known as European type. Western type WCs can either be: Wall hung (Wall mounted) Back to wall (Floor mounted)

6. WATER CLOSETS Asian type WCs This is the type of WCs in which the user squats while using the toilet. These are also known as Indian type type .

7. WATER CLOSETS FLUSHING CISTERN a) Bell type This form of flushing cistern is now virtually obsolete, although some reproductions are available for use in keeping with refurbishment of historic premises. Cast iron bell cistern found in use in old factories, schools and similar established buildings. It is activated by the chain being pulled which also lifts the bell. As the chain is released the bell falls to displace water down the stand pipe, effecting a siphon which empties the cistern. The whole process is relatively noisy.

8. WATER CLOSETS FLUSHING CISTERN Bell type

9. WATER CLOSETS FLUSHING CISTERN b) Disc type Manufactured in a variety of materials including plastics and ceramics for application to all categories of building. Depressing the lever raises the piston and water is displaced over the siphon. A siphonic action is created to empty the cistern. Some cisterns incorporate an economy or dual flush siphon. When the lever is depressed and released promptly, air passing through the vent pipe breaks the siphonic action to give a 4.5 litre flush. When the lever is held down a 7.5 litre flush is obtained.

10. WATER CLOSETS FLUSHING CISTERN b) Disc type

11. WATER CLOSETS FLUSHING TROUGH May be used as an alternative to several separate flushing cisterns where a range of WCs are installed. They are particularly applicable to school, factory and office sanitary accommodation. Trough installation is economic in equipment and time. It is also more efficient in use as there is no waiting between consecutive flushes. The disadvantage is that if it needs maintenance or repair, the whole range of WCs are unusable. The trough may be bracketed from the rear wall and hidden from view by a false wall or ceiling.

12. WATER CLOSETS FLUSHING TROUGH

13. WATER CLOSETS FLUSHING VALVES are a more compact alternative to flushing cisterns, often used in marine applications, but may only be used in buildings with approval of the local water authority . The device is a large equilibrium valve that can be flushed at any time without delay, provided there is a constant source of water from a storage cistern. The minimum and maximum head of water above valves is 2.2m and 3.6m respectively. When the flushing handle is operated, the release valve is tilted and water displaced from the upper chamber . The greater force of water under piston ` A ' lifts valve ` B ' from its seating and water flows through the outlet. Water flows through the by-pass and refills the upper chamber to cancel out the upward force acting under piston ` A ' . Valve ` B ' closes under its own weight

14. WATER CLOSETS FLUSHING VALVES

15. WATER CLOSETS TRAPS All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains; these traps are either internal or external to the fixtures. Traps are pipes which curve down then back up; they 'trap' a small amount of water to create a water seal between the ambient air space and the inside of the drain system. This prevents sewer gas from entering buildings . In accordance to shape, water closet traps can be: S trap Q trap P trap

16. WATER CLOSETS Studying assignment: The meaning and difference between: Washdown toilets and Siphonic toilets

17. BIDETS It is an ablutionary fitting used for washing the excretory organs, but may also be used as a foot bath. A bidet is classified as a waste fitting. The use of bidets now days have been replaced with the use of bidet spray/ bidet shower .

18. BIDETS

19. BATH TUBS Bath tub should be fixed as low as possible to assist getting in and out.The standard length of a rectangular bath tub is 1.7 m. For domestic installations, the taps and supply pipes are 19 mm internal diameter, but for institutions these are sometimes enlarge to 25 mm, to increase the speed of filling. A sanitary appliance in which the human body can be immersed and cleansed. 

20. SHOWER  A shower is a device for washing, typically consisting of an enclosed area and an overhead nozzle. To use a shower a human stands in the enclosed area while the nozzle sprays water down on the body. Showers are primarily used for hygiene and washing purposes and are often installed in bathrooms . Shower is comprised of: Shower heads Mixer Shower tray

21. SHOWER tray   A preformed tray that creates a hob in the shower recess area. Size of shower tray: 915 mm x 915 mm x 178 mm 760 mm x 760 mm x 178 mm 610 mm x 610 mm x 178 mm

22. URINALS T hey are designed to accept and dispose of liquid human wastes only. The types of urinal are ceramic slab, stall type and bowl type. The slab type is cheaper than the stall type , but it does not provide the same degree of privacy. The installation of ceramic bowl-type urinal, which have less fouling area than the slab and stall urinals.

23. WASH BASIN Many wash basin designs are available, ranging from surgeon’s basin to small hand basin. They can be obtained to fit into a corner of the room and may be supported on brackets, a pedestal or by a ‘built in’ corbel.

24. SINKS Sinks are designed for culinary and other domestic uses. sinks of all types are in wide use in a multitude of different applications such as Surgeon’s scrub sinks, service sinks, lavatories sinks, bar sinks, kitchen sink are just a few of the more common ones used in plumbing systems . Sinks can be wall mounted, floor mounted or set into countertop.

25. READING ASSIGNMENT Discuss materials which can be used to make different sanitary appliances .

26. END OF SESSION FOUR Next session: Drainage installation HVAC and lightining