LECTURE research methodology and science

Babahaj

1. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2. LECTURE 1 RESEARCH, ITS CHARACTERSTICS, PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE

3. RESEARCH

4. RESEARCH “Research is defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or a problem using scientific methods.” According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie , “ Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.”

5. RESEARCH Research is a careful and detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. It's the adult form of the science fair projects back in elementary school, where you try and learn something by performing an experiment. This is best accomplished by turning the issue into a question, with the intent of the research to answer the question .

6. RESEARCH A research study is a scientific way to improve or develop new methods of health care . Studies are designed to answer specific questions on how to prevent, diagnose, or treat diseases and disorders. Research studies are important because they contribute to knowledge and progress on diseases and disorders .

7. RESEARCH Educational Research : Education is both science and art . As science it is based on theories, laws and principles and as art it is an activity and an application which requires skills and training . In order to make effective application of the laws and principles and to provide training in skills and techniques educational research is needed. Educational research is of much significance to improve the art of teaching to make the students learn effectively. Education is a process of socialization which can meet the challenge of increasing contradiction and belligerency.

8. Educational research affects personality of the researcher. It teaches him ‘how to solve problems to realize truth .’ he is not liable to accept the findings of others unless he tests them. It is needed to make education administration efficient and effective . It helps in decision making . Educational research is needed for a teacher to improve his teaching, his methodology, his skills, his planning and to make him up to date in information and knowledge .

9. Educational research refers to the  systematic collection and analysis of data related to the field of education. Research may involve a variety of methods. Research may involve various aspects of education including student learning, teaching methods, teacher training, and classroom dynamics .

10. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Research attempts to solve a problem Research involves gathering new data from primary or first-hand sources or using existing data for a new purpose Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence Research demands accurate observation and description

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Research generally employs carefully designed procedures and rigorous analysis . Research emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles or theories that will help in understanding, prediction and/or control. Research requires expertise—familiarity with the field; competence in methodology; technical skill in collecting and analyzing the data .

13. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH Research attempts to find an objective, unbiased solution to the problem and takes great pains to validate the procedures employed . Research is a deliberate and unhurried activity which is directional but often refines the problem or questions as the research progresses. Research is carefully recorded and reported to other persons interested in the problem.

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH A systematic approach is followed in research. Rules and procedures are an integral part of research that set the objective of a research process. Researchers need to practice ethics and code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions. Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.

15. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH There is an in-depth analysis of all the data collected from research so that there are no anomalies associated with it . Research creates a path for generating new questions . More research opportunity can be generated from existing research. The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time, actual observations in the natural settings.

16. APPROACHES There are different approaches to educational research which are as following ; Basic Approach 2. Applied Research These approaches have different purposes which influence the nature of the respective research

17. APPROACHES Basic approach Basic, or academic research focuses on the search for truth or the development of educational  theory . Researchers with this background " design studies that can test, refine, modify, or develop theories ". Generally, these researchers are affiliated with an academic institution and are performing this research as part of their graduate or doctoral work .

18. APPROACHES Applied approach The pursuit of information that can be directly applied to practice is aptly known as applied or contractual research. Researchers in this field are trying to find solutions to existing educational problems.. Applied researchers are commissioned by a sponsor and are responsible for addressing the needs presented by this employer. The goal of this research is "to determine the applicability of educational theory and principles by testing hypotheses within specific settings ".

19. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

20. Purpose of Research

21. Purpose of Research The purpose of research is To discover answer to questions through the application of scientific procedures. To face a challenge To solve a problem To get intellectual joy To serve society To increase standard of living To show right paths to society in case of social and behavioral sciences

22. Purpose of Research Exploratory research To explore a new topic in order to learn about it. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding. Addresses the “what” questions: “what is this phenomena really about ?”

23. Purpose of Research Descriptive research To describe situations and events. To present a picture of the specific details(for gather info) of a situation, social setting, or relationship Focus on ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘when’ ‘,where’ and ‘how’ but not why?

24. Purpose of Research Explanatory research To know “why” to explain things, look for causes and reasons Builds on exploratory and descriptive research and goes on to identify the reasons for something that occurs To extend a theory or principle to new areas, new issues, new topics To test a theory’s prediction or principles

25. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

26. Importance of Research Research adds to our knowledge Addresses gaps in knowledge Expands knowledge Replicates knowledge Adds voices of individuals to knowledge

27. Importance of Research Research helps improve practice. Educators gain new ideas for their job. Educators gain new insights into approaches. Educators can connect with other educators.

28. Importance of Research Research helps inform policy debates. Research allows people to weigh different perspectives on issues. Research enables people to make informed decisions regarding policy.

29. Importance of Research Research is important in both scientific and nonscientific field Research facilitates the gathering of relevant information Research facilitates the analysis of data in ways that could help decision-making

30. Why research important to our daily life?

31. Constructing a 95% confidence interval The 95% confidence interval for the population proportion is: