Leipers model of tourism system

Systems approach to tourism studies

1. Leiper’s Model of Tourism System 501: Tourism Business SEM -1, STS MGU

2. Approaches to the study of Tourism Institutional Approach Managerial Approach Geographical Approach Sociological Approach Historical Approach Economic Approach Interdisciplinary Approach SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

3. Two Academic field of studies (Buck 1978) Business Enterprise Camp Charting Growth and Business Profits Impact & Externalities Camp Documenting Consequences of tourism Enterprise in the host Nation Leipers Model Reviews previous attempts to define Tourism Develops a new definitional Framework Bridges gap between 2 Buck's camps

4. Leiper's Model Based on Systems Approach, Neil Leiper suggested a model in 1979 which was later updated in 1990. The three Elements in Leipers Model: I . The Human Element: The Tourist II. The Geographical Element: The Generating Region The Destination Region Travel Enroute III. The Industrial Element

5. I. The Tourist Focal element of tourism. Has two components" a dynamic element - the j o u r n e y , and a static element - the stay" ( Burkart & Medlik 1974). Second concept defining tourists is that they are net consumers of economic resources within the regions visited. Final concept is that their trips are circuits,returning to the points of origin. From the circular pattern of their behaviour it is possible to isolate the geographical elements fundamental to the system.

6. Departing Tourists Tourist Generating Region Transit Route Returning Tourists Tourist Destination Region Push Factors Pull Factors The Geograpical Elements Spatially, tourism involves three elements.

7. The Geograpical Elements I. Tourist generating regions permanent residential bases of tourists Has the basic geographical setting, together with the necessary behavioral factors pertaining to motivation termed as the " p u s h " factors (Dann 1977) The generating region is the location of the basic market of the tourist industry, the source of potential tourism demand. II. Transit routes paths linking tourist generating regions with tourist destination regions, along with tourists travel. They include stopover points which might be used for convenience or because of the existence of attractions.

8. The Geograpical Elements III. Tourist destination regions Tourist destination regions can be defined as locations which attract tourists to stay temporarily, In this context the attraction can be regarded as the anticipation by the tourist of some qualitative characteristic, lacking in the tourist generating region, which the tourist wishes to experience personally collectively known as the “p u l l” factors. It is also the location of many parts of the tourist business: accommodation establishments, services, entertainment and recreational facilities.

9. The Industrial Element Consists of firms, Organisations and facilities intended to serve the specific needs and wants of tourists. Is divided into 6 functional sectors . Marketing: Travel Agencies, Tour operators, promotional travel writers and Publishers Tourist Carriers : Air, rail, sea and road transports Accommodation : Hotels, motels, homestays , resorts, guest houses Attractions – sights, events, activities providing experiential opportunities Miscellaneous Tourist Services: duty free soveniour shops, travel insurance agents, taxis etc, specialising in tourist market Tourism Regulations: Associations of firms as a sectoral , regional, governmental and non governmental bodies AND Vocational Education Institutions

10. Leiper's Model–Diagrammatic Representation ENVIRONMENTS: PHYSICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, SOCIAL,CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, POLICTICAL Departing Tourists Tourist Generating Region Transit Route Returning Tourists Tourist Destination Region Ticketing Services Tour Operators Travel agents Marketing & Promotional Activities Channels of Transport and Communication Accommodation Entertainment Industry Tourist Attraction Shopping Tourist Services Push Factors Pull Factors

11. Applications Academic : Serves as a reference point for general and specific studies; for designing curricula for program of vocational studies Business: Tourist Industry Management, marketing planning for identifying spacial and functional elements . As a guide for planning and assessing governmental policies in some areas of Tourism Can serve as an analytical basis for creative policy formation in widely different situations .