LENTIL - 1 crop production technology .pdf

LENTIL - 1 crop production technology

1. LENTIL
DR. K. PRAMANIK

3. LENTIL SEEDS

4. INTRODUCTION
•LentilisalsoknownasMasur,Malka(boldseeded),lentille
(French)linse(German),Lenteja(Spanish)andMercimek
(Turkish).
•Lentilisoneoftheearlydomesticatedplantspecies,asold
asthoseofemmer,barleyandpea.
•TheplantwasgiventhescientificnameLensculinarisin1787
byMedikus,aGermanbotanistandphysician.

5. •Lentilisthefourthmostimportantpulsecropsafterbeans,
peaandchickpea.
•Importantcropofdrylandagriculture.
•MorecoldtolerantthanChickpeaandPea.
•Lentilisacoolseasoncropwitharelativelyshallowroot
system(60cm)andismoderatelyresistanttohigh
temperatureanddrought.
•Grownonlowlying,inundatedandmarginallandsaswellas
onrecedingsoilmoisture.

6. •Indiaaccountsforabout40%oftheglobalproduction.
•Lentilsaredeficientintwoessentialaminoacids,methionineandcystine.
•Sproutedlentilscontainsufficientlevelsofallessentialaminoacids,
includingmethionineandcystine.
•Lentilsshouldnotbeeatenraw,duetothepresenceofanti-nutrientssuch
asphyticacidandtannins(lentilsrequiresoakingovernightbefore
cooking)
•Thethird-highestlevelofprotein(25%)byweight,ofanyplant-basedfood
aftersoybean(40%)sunhemp(30.5%)

7. ORIGIN
Turkey to South Iran

8. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Itisavaluablehumanfood,mostlyconsumedasdryseeds(whole
decorticated,seeddecorticatedandsplit).InIndiansubcontinentitis
mostlyconsumedas‘Dal’byremovalofouterskinandseparationof
cotyledons,snacksandsouppreparationetc.Itiseasytocookand
easilydigestiblewithhighbiologicalvalue,hencealsoreferredto
patient.Dryleaves,stems,emptyandbrokenpodsareusedasvaluable
cattlefeed.Boldseeded,attractiveshapedgrainshavehighdemandfor
exportatpremiumprices.

9. NUTRITIVE VALUE
•Protein -24-26%
•Carbohydrate -57 –60%
•Fat -1.3%
•Fibre -3.2%
•Phosphorus -300 mg/100 g
•Iron -7mg/100 g
•Vitamin C -10-15 mg/100 g
•Calcium -69 mg/100g
•Calorific value -343
•Vitamin A -(450 IU)
•Riboflavin

10. AGRONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
Thecropsleavesareasonablegoodamountsofatmospheric
‘N’inreadilyavailableform(upto30-40kg/ha)tothe
succeedingcrop.Associatedintercrop(otherthanlegume)
alsogetsbenefitedby‘N’transferfromlentilrootsuptosome
extent.Italsocontributestosustainproductionsystem
throughphysical,chemicalandbiologicalimprovementsof
soilproperties,asarotationeffect.
•

11. AGRONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
ItoffersgoodscopeinlatevacatedpaddyfieldseitherasUteraor
succeedingcrop(ifsoilisworkableafterpaddyharvest)asdelayed
sowingdoesnotaffectasadverselyasinchickpeaandpeaduetoits
highcoldtolerantnature.Bythisreason,thiscropispreferredover
gramintheregionshavingcoldwinterslikeplainsofNorthandlower
HimalayanHills.Itisalsoagoodsubstituteofchickpeainareaswhich
maybetoodryduetoshorterduration.Thecropisalsousedascover
croptochecksoilerosioninproblemareas.

12. DISTRIBUTION
•MajorlentilgrowingcountriesareSouthAsia,China,
NorthAmerica,CentralandWestAsia,NorthAfrica,
Sub-SaharanAfricaandAustralia.
•MajorlentilgrowingstatesareU.P.,M.P.,Bihar,W.B.,
Rajasthan,MaharashtraandHaryana.

13. ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY
Globally,itiscultivatedasarainfedcropon4.34million
hectares(mha)areawith4.95milliontonnes(mt)production
andproductivity1140kgperha(2013).Themajor
geographicalregionsoflentilproductionareSouthAsiaand
China(44.3%),NorthAmerica(41%),CentralandWestAsia
andNorthAfrica(6.7%),Sub-SaharanAfrica(3.5%)and
Australia(2.5%).

14. ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY
Indiarankedfirstintheareaandsecondintheproduction
with43%and37%ofworldareaandproductionrespectively.
ThehighestproductivityisrecordedinNewZealand(2667
kg/ha)followedbyChina(2239kg/ha).Canadarankfirstin
production(38%)duetoveryhighlevelofproductivity(1971
kg/ha)ascomparedtoIndia(600kg/ha)

15. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Macrosperma(Masur/Malksmasur):
•Large flat pods.
•Large size seed
•Diameter of seed 6-9mm
•Found in the Mediterranean, Asia Minor and Africa

16. 2. Microsperma(Masur):
•Small convex pods.
•Small size seed
•Diameter of seed 3-6mm
•Found in India, Pakistan, West Asia

17. CONSTRAINTS OF LENTIL PRODUCTION
➢Lentilproductionislimitedbylackofmoistureandunfavourable
temperaturesthroughoutitsdistribution.
➢Soilsalinityandwaterlogging.
➢Thediseaserust,vascularwiltandAscochytablightarethemajor
fungalpathogensoflentil.
➢Pealeafweevil(Sitonaspp.)andtheparasiticweedbroomrape
(Orobanchespp.)aremajoryieldreducersoflentil.

18. CONSTRAINTS OF LENTIL PRODUCTION
➢Itisgrownmainlyonresidualsoilmoistureisfrequentlysubjectedto
terminaldroughtresultinginlowandvariableseedyield.
➢Waterdeficitduringthereproductivephasesignificantlyreducesinitiation
andproductionofflower,drymatter,numberofpodsandsubsequently
seedyield.
➢Yieldreductionsareusuallyassociatedwithexcessivevegetativegrowth
anddelayedmaturity.
➢Poorandunstableyieldoffoodlegumes,bioticandabioticstresses
appearedtobethemostimportant.

19. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
Beingawinterseasoncrop,requirecoldclimate.Beingvery
hardyinnature,itcantoleratefrostandseverewintertoa
largerextent.Therangeofcultivationwithregardtoclimateis
verywide.Itrequirescoldtemperatureduringvegetative
growthandcomparativelywarmtemperatureduringmaturity,
withtheoptimumtemperaturerangeof18-30
0
C.

20. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
UnlikeBengalgram,itcanthrivewellunderstressconditions
offrostandwinterrains,evenatfloweringandfruitingstage.
Freezingtemperaturesbelow-25ºCdamagetheplants,sothat
lentilshouldnotbecultivatedatverylowtemperatures.Lentils
requireaminimumof350mmrainfallamaximumof550mm.

21. SOIL
Welldrained,sandyloamtoheavyblackcottonwithneutral
reactionisbestforlentilcultivation.However,theheavytextured
soilscausesyieldreductionwhereassandy-loamsoilsarethemost
suitableforlentilgrowth.Cropcantoleratemoderateacidityand
alkalinityandoptimumsoilpH4.5-8.2.Thesoilshouldbefriable
andweedfreesothatseedingcouldbedoneatuniformdepth.It
doesnotwithstandwaterloggingconditions.

22. LAND PREPARATION OR TILLAGE
Onheavysoils,onedeepploughingfollowedbytwotothree
crossharrowingshouldbedonetoconservesoilmoisture.
Afterharrowing,thefieldshouldbelevelledbygivingagentle
slopetoeaseirrigation.

23. SEED TREATMENT
➢Toprotectseedsfrompestsanddiseases.
➢Toenhancethepopulationofrootnodulatingmicrobes.
➢ToenhancetheavailabilityappliedandfixedPinsoil.
•Fungicide:Thirum(2g)+Carbendazim(1g)orThirum@3
[email protected];

24. SEED TREATMENT
•Insecticide:Chlorpyriphos20EC@8ml/kg.ofseed;
•Culture:Rhizobiumleguminosarum+PSB(Pseudomonas
striata,Bacilluspolymixa),onepacketeachfor10kgseed.
•SoilinoculationwithVAMlikeGlomusfasiculatum.
Doubledoseofbacterialcultureshouldbeusedwhenseeds
aretreatedwithfungicides.

25. SOWING TIME
RecommendedsowingtimeforRainfed:FirstfortnightofOctoberin
CentralandSouthIndiaandsecondfortnightofOctoberinNorthIndia;
Underirrigatedconditions-FirstfortnightofNovemberinNorthIndiaand
forLatesowing:FirstweekofDecemberinricefallowsofNEPZoron
fieldsvacatedverylatebykharifcropsunderirrigatedcondition.

26. SOWING TIME
ForW.B.:Novemberisoptimumtime.
Earlysowing(October)maycausewiltdiseasedueto
hightemperatureandhighhumidity.However,late
sowingwilldecreaseyieldandincreaseproteincontent
(Sehirali,1988).

27. SEED RATE AND SOWING
Forsmallseeded:40-45kg/ha;Boldseeded:45-60kg/ha;Latesown
condition:50-60kg/ha;Uteracropping:60-80kg/haseedis
recommended.Sowingshouldbedoneinrows30cm.apart.Thiscould
bedoneeitherbyusingaFerti-seed-drillorbyseedingbehinddesi
plough.Sowingdepthshouldbe4–6cm;thisdepthprotectsseedfrom
herbicidedamageandoffersanoptimumenvironmentforrhizobium
survival.Lentilalsofitswellintoadirectseedingcropproduction
system.

28. SEED RATE AND SOWING
Lentilseedlingscanemergethroughcropresidue
becauseoftheirstrongseedlingvigourandabilityto
emergefromgreatersoildepths.Lentilyieldcan
increasesignificantlywiththestubbleheightofthe
previouscropincreases.

29. SEED RATE AND SOWING
Seedinglentilintotallstandingstubblehelpedreduce
soilmoistureevaporation,particularlyduringtheperiod
priortoflowering.Thisresultedingreaterwateruse
efficiency(amountofgrainproducedperunitofwater
used)bythecrop,anextremelyimportantfactorin
drylandproduction.