lesson 1 animal specialized structure.pptx

Biology

1. Animal’s Specialized Structures LESSON 1

2. All animals have structures that help them survive in their environment. Some structures help animals find food, like the amazing eyesight of an eagle. 2 Presentation title 20XX

3. One special structure that insects have is their hard outer skeleton, called an exoskeleton . 3

4. Exoskeletons Exoskeletons are like wearing armor. It protects insects from predators and keeps insects from drying out. 4 Presentation title 20XX

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6. Animal cells grow, mature, and undergo differentiation. Tissues are formed as a result of cell differentiation. 6 Presentation title 20XX

7. The study of animal and plant tissues is called histology . Histology involves the preparation of thin tissue sections, differentially stained and examined under the microscope. 7 Presentation title 20XX

8. A microtome is an instrument used to cut tissues into ultrathin sections. Tissue sections are treated with biological stains (dyes) to differentiate cells and tissues, and to have a clearer view of the different parts under the microscope 8 Presentation title 20XX

9. There are four types of tissues found in animals and human body: 9 Presentation title 20XX

10. epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous . These different types of tissues have distinct structures and functions. 10 Presentation title 20XX

11. The stomach, for example, is made up of four types of tissue. 11 Presentation title 20XX

12. The inner wall of the stomach is lined by columnar epithelial cells for absorption of digested food 12 Presentation title 20XX

13. . The stomach is surrounded by smooth muscle tissues that are responsible for the movement (peristalsis) during digestion. 13 Presentation title 20XX

14. The stomach walls contain nervous tissue (nerves) that transmits signals to and from the brain. 14 Presentation title 20XX

15. Blood is a type of connective tissue, is responsible for the transport of nutrients from absorbed loose connective tissues are also found in the stomach. These different tissues have specialized with a common objective to digest food, the function of the stomach 15 Presentation title 20XX

16. It is considered a connective tissue, because it consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma. It is the most atypical connective tissue: the fibers of blood are soluble protein molecules that become visible during blood clotting. 16 Presentation title 20XX

17. EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVER Animals are multicellular organisms, which means that their bodies are composed of many cells. Animal cells are organized into specialized groups with distinct functions that form different tissues. 17 Presentation title 20XX

18. Tissues may be recombined to form an organ, which is a group of tissues working together to perform a complex job. 18 Presentation title 20XX

19. Epithelial tissues may be simple or stratified . A simple epithelium is made up of a single layer of cells. A stratified epithelium has more than one layer of cells. There are three types of epithelium based on their shape: squamous, cuboidal, and columnar. 19 Presentation title 20XX

20. Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells. These flattened cells are usually found in thin barriers where exchange of nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases occur. 20 Presentation title 20XX

21. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPHITELIUM They are found in the alveoli of the lungs where gas exchange takes place, and in capillaries where diffusion and osmosis take place. All blood vessels and the heart are lined with simple squamous cells. 21 Presentation title 20XX

22. Simple cuboidal epithelium is a single layer of cube-shaped cells. 22 Presentation title 20XX

23. The secretory cells of different glands are made up of cuboidal cells. Cuboidal cells are also found in the tubules of the kidneys and the ducts of most glands. 23 Presentation title 20XX

24. Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of elongated cells. This type of epithelium is ideal for absorption and secretion as it contains large cytoplasmic volumes with enough organelles and energy reserves to engage in complex activities. 24 Presentation title 20XX

25. . It has special structures called microvilli , which are extensions of the cell membrane to increase their surface area for absorption. 25 Presentation title 20XX

26. Goblet cells are specialized columnar cells found in the lining of the stomach and small intestines responsible for mucus secretion. 26 Presentation title 20XX

27. Ciliated simple columnar epithelium is found in the small bronchioles of the respiratory tract for mucus movement, and in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive tract for the reproductive cell movement. 27 Presentation title 20XX

28. Pseudostratified epithelium, as the name implies, is the "falsely stratified" epithelium. It is made up of columnar cells that are tall and thin, forming irregular shapes. 28 Presentation title 20XX

29. Pseudostratified epithelium is found in the upper respiratory tract as ciliated types. The cilia are hairlike extensions of the cell that propel the mucus secreted by the goblet cell along the cell surface. 29 Presentation title 20XX

30. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONNECT 30 Presentation title 20XX

31. Connective tissues include a large group of different tissues characterized by having dispersed cells and large extracellular space called extracellular matrix . 31 20XX

32. The functions of connective tissues are varied, depending on the type. Their main function is to bind and support other tissues. Their other functions include: 32 Presentation title 20XX

33. • Protection, • Provision of cushion, • Maintenance of body form, • Filling body space, • Storage of fats, • Transport of nutrients and wastes, • Body defense, and • Repair of body parts. 33 Presentation title 20XX

34. Connective tissues can be broadly classified into three large groups; connective tissue proper, supportive connective tissue (cartilage and bones), and fluid connective tissues (blood and lymph). 34 Presentation title 20XX Adipose tissue

35. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER 35 Presentation title 20XX

36. Loose Connective Tissue Loose connective tissues are also called areolar connective tissues. They are connective tissues with watery matrix (ground substance) where the cells, mostly fibroblasts, are located. 36 Presentation title 20XX

37. Special white blood cells called macrophages can also be found in the matrix. Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers are likewise found in the matrix. 37 Presentation title 20XX

38. Functions of loose connective tissue Includes binding and supporting one tissue to another (as skin connects to muscles), protecting and nourishing the organs and structures as it binds (as it forms a protective layer over muscles, nerves, and blood vessels), and storing body fluids. 38 Presentation title 20XX

39. Dense Connective Tissue Dense connective tissues are made up of closely packed bundles of collagen fibers with few cells. 39 Presentation title 20XX

40. Dense Connective Tissue 40 Presentation title 20XX

41. Reticular connective tissues Reticular connective tissues are made up of cells called reticulocytes (specialized fibroblasts) and a matrix that contains reticular fibers. They give support to soft organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and liver. 41 Presentation title 20XX

42. Elastic connective tissues, as the name implies, are highly elastic (flexible), with flattened fibroblast cells with a matrix that contains bundles of elastic fibers and interspersed collagen fibers 42 Presentation title 20XX

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45. Adipose tissue Adipose tissues, or fat tissues, are special types of connective tissues that store fats. 45 Presentation title 20XX

46. Adipose tissues are found anywhere in the body, especially in empty spaces. The fat cells serve as energy reservoirs for organs and may provide insulation. Adipose tissues found in the subcutaneous layer of the skin help shape, cushion, and insulate the body. The kidneys, heart, and the orbit of the eyes are all cushioned by adipose tissues. 46 Presentation title 20XX

47. Supportive Connective Tissue 47 Presentation title 20XX

48. Cartilage is a type of connective tissue with cells called chondrocytes, which are separated by a strong yet flexible matrix made up of a substance called chondrin 48 Presentation title 20XX

49. The chondrocytes are located in a chamber called lacuna (plural: lacunae), which is surrounded by a membrane called perichondrium 49 Presentation title 20XX

50. Bones are hardened connective tissues containing cells called osteocytes, a matrix with collagen fibers, and mineral deposits such as calcium phosphate, magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride ions 50 Presentation title 20XX

51. FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE Blood is a special type of connective tissue with a liquid matrix called the blood plasma . 51 Presentation title 20XX

52. The cells of the blood include the erythrocytes or red blood cells for the transport of oxygen, leukocytes or white blood cells for the body's defense against infection, and the thrombocytes or blood platelets for blood clotting. 52 Presentation title 20XX

53. MUSCULAR TISSUE CONTRACT 53 Presentation title 20XX

54. Muscular tissues are contractile tissues responsible for movement. The muscle cells (or more accurately called muscle fibers) that make up muscle tissues contain myosin and actin, the proteins involved in muscle contraction 54 Presentation title 20XX

55. There are three types of muscular tissues: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. 55 Presentation title 20XX

56. Skeletal muscular tissues They are responsible for the movement of most body parts and for locomotion. The contractions of skeletal muscles are under voluntary control. 56 Presentation title 20XX

57. The contractions of skeletal muscles are under voluntary control. A skeletal muscle fiber is long and cylindrical, unbranched, and contains multiple nuclei. Under the microscope, its fibers appear as alternating dark and light bands; thus, it is called striated (with striations) muscles 57 Presentation title 20XX

58. Cardiac muscular tissues Cardiac muscles are also striated but its contraction is involuntarily controlled. Cardiac muscle fibers are branching, with only one nucleus per muscle cell. 58 Presentation title 20XX

59. They allow impulses to move freely from one muscle fiber to another. This results in a coordinated contraction called the heartbeat. 59 Presentation title 20XX

60. Smooth muscular tissues They are unbranched with a single nucleus per cell. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. 60 Presentation title 20XX

61. NERVOUS TISSUE CONDUCT 61 Presentation title 20XX

62. 62 Presentation title 20XX The nervous tissue is made up of nerve cells called neurons , which are found in the brain and spinal cord. Neurons are specialized cells that conduct impulses to and from the brain.

63. 63 Presentation title 20XX Dendrites receive impulses and send them to the cell body.

64. 64 Presentation title 20XX The cell body is like a typical cell where the nucleus and organelles are found

65. 65 Presentation title 20XX Axon is a long fiber-like part that transmits the impulses away from the cell body to the next neuron.

66. TISSUES FOR, ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS 66 Presentation title 20XX

67. Tissues are groups of similar types of cells that perform diverse similar functions. A group of different tissues united to perform a common function forms an organ. Several organs that perform together for a common function make up an organ system. The human body is made up of 11 organ systems. 67 Presentation title 20XX

68. Organ systems: Major Organs and Their Functions System Major Structure Functions Integumentary Skin, nail, and hair Protects against injury, infection and fluid loss provides structure and support Muscular Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscular tissue Moves limbs and trunk Moves substance through the body Provides structure and support Skeletal Bones and joints Protects and supports the body and organs Interacts with skeletal muscles Circulatory Heart blood vessels, blood lymph nodes and vessels, and lymph Transports nutrients, gases, ions, hormones, and wastes Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs Regular behavior Maintains homeostasis Controls sensory and motor function

69. Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and small and large intestines Extracts and absorbs nutrients from food Removes wastes Maintains water and chemical balances Respiratory Lungs, nose, mouth and trachea Moves air into and out of lungs Excretory Kidney, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra Removes wastes from the blood Regulates concentration of body fluids Endocrine Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal body, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes and ovaries Regulates body temperature, metabolism, development and reproduction Maintains homeostasis Reproductive Testes and penis, ovaries and uterus Produces gametes and offspring Immune WBC, lymph node and vessels and skin Defends against pathogens and diseases