Lesson 1 Genetic Engineering Presentation of Group 1

PPT

1. Lesson 1: Genetic Engineering Members Guille Arnigo Jemima Imeon Serrano Ashley De Rama

2. What is Genetics? Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution.

3. Father Of Genetics Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk, whose experiments breeding pea plants in the monastery garden led to breakthroughs in our understanding of genetics and heredity.

4. What is Genetic Engineering? The term genetic engineering initially referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction. As such, the term embraced both artificial selection and all the interventions of biomedical techniques, among them artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (e.g., “test-tube” babies), cloning, and gene manipulation. Genetic engineering (also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA. For example, genetic engineering may involve adding a gene from one species to an organism from a different species to produce a desired trait. Used in research and industry, genetic engineering has been applied to the production of cancer therapies, brewing yeasts, genetically modified plants and livestock, and more.

5. The Father of Genetic Engineering Paul Berg (June 30,1926- February 15 2023) Paul Berg was an American biochemist and professor at Stanford University. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, along with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. The award recognized their contributions to basic research involving nucleic acids, especially recombinant DNA.

6. Genetic engineering involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the traits of a target organism. The modification of traits may involve: 1. introduction of new traits into an organism 2. enhancement of a present trait by increasing the expression of the desired gene 3. enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the inhibition of the desired genes’ expression. Genome editing is a method for making specific changes to the DNA of a cell or organism. It can be used to add, remove or alter DNA in the genome.

7. Recombinant DNA Technology Recombinant DNA technology comprises altering genetic material outside an organism to obtain enhanced and desired characteristics in living organisms or as their products. This technology involves the insertion of DNA fragments from a variety of sources, having a desirable gene sequence via appropriate vector

8. Step by Step process of Recombinant DNA Technology A general outline of recombinant DNA may be given as follows: 1. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs) 2. selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA ( eg. circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest) 3. ligation (join together) of the gene of interest (eg. from animal) with the vector (cut bacterial plasmid) 4. transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell (that would carry out replication to make huge copies of the recombined plasmid) 5. selection process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest 6. sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein

9. Techniques of Genetic Engineering Cross Breeding Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce traits/genes from one variety or line into a new genetic background.

10. BIOLISTIC In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Cells that survive the bombardment, and are able to take up the expression plasmid coated pellets and acquire the ability to express the designed protein. T o use a gene gun, a scientist first mixes a DNA construct with particles of a heavy metal, usually tungsten or gold. Thus, this method is suitable on mostly all cells but it is most commonly used on plants cells

11. Heat Shock Treatment. Heat Shock Treatment is a process used to transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria cell. The target cells are pre-treated before the procedure to increase the pore sizes of their plasma membranes. This pretreatment (usually with CaCl2) is said to make the cells “competent” for accepting the plasmid DNA. After the cells are made competent, they are incubated with the desired plasmid at about 4°C for about 30min. The plasmids concentrate near the cells during this time. Afterwards, a “Heat Shock” is done on the plasmid-cell solution by incubating it at 42°C for 1 minute then back to 4°C for 2 minutes. The rapid rise and drop of temperature is believed to increase and decrease the pore sizes in the membrane. The plasmid DNA near the membrane surface are taken into the cells by this process. The cells that took up the plasmids acquire new traits and are said to be “transformed”.

12. Electroporation A biophysical phenomenon in which cell membrane permeability is increased through externally applied pulsed electric fields. This membrane permeability increase is used for many applications in biotechnology, medicine and the food industry. This tech nique follows a similar methodology as Heat Shock Treatment, but, the expansion of the membrane pores is done through an electric “shock”. This method is commonly used for insertion of genes into mammalian cells.

13. Activity Quiz Test 1: Multiple Choice 1.____ is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. A. Genetic Engineering. B. Genetic Manipulation C. Genetics 2._____(also called genetic modification) is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to modified or manipulate the DNA makeup of an organism. h A. Recombinant DNA. B. Genetics C. Genetic Engineering

14. 3. This technology involves the insertion of DNA fragments from a variety of sources, having a desirable gene sequence via appropriate vector A. Recombinant DNA. B. Genome Editing C.Genetic Manipulation 4. Who is the Father of Genetic Engineering? A. Karl Marx. B. Gregor Mendel C.Paul Berg 5. Who is the Father of Genetics? A. James Author. B. Isaac Newton C. Gregor Mendel

15. Test 2: Identification 1. ________ of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs) 2. ________ of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA ( eg. circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest) 3. ________ (join together) of the gene of interest (eg. from animal) with the vector (cut bacterial plasmid) 4. ________ of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell (that would carry out replication to make huge copies of the recombined plasmid) 5. __________ to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest 6. __________ of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein

16. _______ 7. It uses deliberate interbreeding of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce traits/genes from one variety or line into a new genetic background. ________8. In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Cells that survive the bombardment, and are able to take up the expression plasmid coated pellets and acquire the ability to express the designed prot ein. ________9.It is a process used to transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria cell. The target cells are pre-treated before the procedure to increase the pore sizes of their plasma membranes. _________10. A biophysical phenomenon in which cell membrane permeability is increased through externally applied pulsed electric fields.