LESSON 2.pptx- writing for success at academic level

academic writing

1. LESSON 2 SENTENCES Nguyen Thi Tinh , M.A.

2. SENTENCES Parts of speech Word phrases Collocations Types of sentences Writing a good sentence

3. Parts of speech + Parts of speech = Word classes + 8 different kinds of words - Verb : have, am, look,… - Noun : conference, work, coffee, … - Adjective: important, busy, good, … - Adverb : tomorrow, rather, really, … - Preposition : at, to, on, … - Determiner : an, this, our, … - Pronoun: I, it, you … - Linking word : so, and… + Some words can belong to different classes depending on how they are used in a sentence.

4. Word phrases + A phrase is a group of words without both a  subject and predicate . Phrases combine words into a larger unit that can function as a sentence element. + The different word classes can form the basis of phrases. When they do this, they operate as the head of the phrase. Ex: a noun operates as the head of a noun phrase, a verb as the head of a verb phrase, and so on. + Heads of phrases (H) can have words before them (e.g. determiners ( det ), adjectives ( adj ), adverbs ( adv )) or after them (e.g. postmodifiers (pm) or complements (c)):

5. Word phrases Types of word phrases: - Noun Phrase: a friendly peson…. - Verb Phrase: was meeting…. - Adverbial Phrase: very interesting …. - Adjectival Phrase: full of toys …. - Participial Phrase: sitting over there …. - Prepositional Phrase: in the room… - Absolute Phrase: My cake finally baking in the oven , I was free to rest for thirty minutes.

6. Collocations + A  collocation  is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong“ Ex: make sure (R) but do sure (W) + There are about six main types of collocations: adjective+noun noun+noun (such as collective nouns) verb+noun adverb+adjective verbs+prepositional phrase (phrasal verbs) verb+adverb

7. Collocations Some common collocations have a bath have a drink do the shopping do the washing up make a mistake make a noise a ball of string a bar of chocolate Some common collocations pay a fine pay attention break a habit break a leg catch a chill catch a cold annual turnover bear in mind

8. Types of sentences + A sentence = a group of words to communicate ideas + Four types of sentences: Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex sentences + Kind of sentences is determined by kind of clauses used to form it.

9. Simple sentences + A simple sentence = an independent clause + Five main structures of simple sentences: S= Subject, V= Verb, O= Object C= Complement, A= Adverbial S + V S + V + O S + V + C S + V + A S + V + O + O + “A” can be added to any type of the structure.

10. Compound sentences + A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. + Three ways to join: With a coordinator (for, and, so, but……) With a conjunctive adverb (besides, thus…) With a semicolon (;)

11. Complex sentences + A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clause(s). Independent clause = more important idea Dependent clause = less important idea + Three types of dependent clauses: Adjective clauses (act as an adjective) Adverb clauses (act as an adverb) Noun clauses (act as a noun)

12. Compound – complex sentences + A compound-complex sentence has at least three clauses (2 independent clauses and 1 dependent clause). + Combination can be any kinds (coordinator, conjunctive adverbs, semicolon).

13. Notes on compound sentences

14. How to write a good sentence + Decide the ideas. + Identify the relationship among ideas. + Decide the type of sentences to write and the connection within the sentence. + Four Commandments: 1. You shall not write passively. 2. You shall not overuse weak verbs like “to be” and “to have.” 3. You shall not fluff. 4. You shall make every word necessary. + For more information, watch the following clip