Lesson-3-Science-as-a-Product-and-Process.pptx

Science is a process and a product because it involves both the methods used to gain knowledge and the knowledge itself:

1. Science: Its Structure and Nature Anabelle a. arena professor

2. What is science? Science is commonly associated with an accumulation of facts, concepts and theories. It is even confused with technology .

3. Science as a Product Facts which are truths and therefore can not be questioned or doubted Generalizations and theories which are subject to error and likely to change

4. Science as a Process A way of investigating which involves questions, observations, experimentations and predictions. A way of thinking which involves inductive and deductive reasoning

5. Science as product 5. models 4. theories 3. hypotheses 1. facts 2. g eneralization

6. FACT is a recognition and observation of a single event. It is the foundation of scientific knowledge GENERALIZATION Is a statement of one of the patterns of relationships among facts. Many generalizations are based upon so many observations (facts) which are all consistent with observational error. Such generalizations, with their empirical basis are given the dignified name of “laws” and “principles”

7. HYPOTHESIS Is an untested speculation. It is a tentative idea about certain relationships which connect observable events as these occur THEORY Is a speculation that has been extensively tested, fits all known facts, and has no reasonable rival. It is arrived at in an inductive way from a set of facts.

8. MODEL Is a device for testing ideas and predicting from hypotheses. It is often abstract and even purely imaginary. It is arrived at in deductive way from a theory.

9. Science as Process It is both a way of investigating and a way of thinking. Why? How come? How? What? What for ?

10. Science as Process It is a way of investigating. This involves questions, observations, experimentations and predictions Why? Where? What for? When? How ? It is a way of thinking which involves inductive and deductive reasoning As a process, science is: “Learning how to learn”.

11. Inductive reasoning starts from the specific to general . Inductive Reasoning Generalization Abstraction and organization of data Comparison and differentiation Presentation of raw data f rom specific to general

12. Deductive reasoning starts from the general to specific . Deductive Reasoning Generalization Exploration Application Evaluation f rom general to specific

13. Science Product is an organized and rapid changing body of knowledge Process is a dynamic way of acquiring, using and refining the body of knowledge

14. Implications of Science as Product and Process Science as a product is an ever- changing body of knowledge. Science as a process is an on going process of investigation and thinking. As such, it should help our young learners to expect change and to have a positive attitude for each change. Science as both product and process should be reflected in our teaching- learning activities. It should be emphasized that there is no single and best method of teaching science. Different science topics call for different methods of teaching. Regardless of the method used, the processes of science should be emphasized.

15. Science Process Skills

16. What is sps? How a scientist works, thinks and studies problem. A way of investigation that involves specific skills which require the following steps: ~ planning course of actions. ~ carrying out activities. ~ collecting data. ~ organizing & interpreting data. ~ reaching a conclusion.

17. The Process Skills Communicating Giving or ex changing information verbally, orally and/ or in writing Observing Using one or more of the five senses to gather information. May include the use of equipment

18. The Process Skills Measuring Comparing objects to arbitrary units that may not be standardized Estimating Appro ximately calculating a quantity or value based on judgment.

19. The Process Skills Classifying Grouping or ordering objects or events according to an established scheme. Based on observations. Collecting Data Gathering information about observations and measurements in systematic way .

20. The Process Skills Predicting Forming an idea of an e xpected result. Based on inferences. Inferring Developing ideas based on observation. Requires evaluation and judgment based on past e xperiences

21. The Process Skills Predicting Forming an idea of an e xpected result. Based on inferences. Inferring Developing ideas based on observation. Requires evaluation and judgment based on past e xperiences

22. The Process Skills Hypothesizing Stating a problem to be solved as a question that can be tested by an e xperiment Making Graphs Converting numerical quantities into a diagram that shows the relationships among the quantities .

23. The Process Skills Defining Operationally Stating specific information about an object or phenomena based on e xperiences with it. Controlling Variables Manipulating one factor that may affect the outcome of an event while other factors are held constant.

24. The Process Skills Investigating Using observations to collect and analyze data to draw conclusions in order to solve a problem

25. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND THINKING SKILLS. SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS THINKING SKILLS OBSERVING - CHARACTERIZE - TO COMPARE -TO RELATE

26. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND THINKING SKILLS. CLASSIFY - CHARACTERIZE - TO COMPARE AND TO CONTRAST - TO COLLECT AND CLASSIFY

27. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND THINKING SKILLS. MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS - TO RELATE TO COMPARE AND TO CONTRAST

28. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND THINKING SKILLS . MAKING INFERENCES - TO RELATE - TO COMPARE AND TO CONTRAST TO ANALYZE INFERRING

29. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS AND THINKING SKILLS . - TO RELATE MENTAL IMAGE PREDICTING

30. References: Modernizing Science Instruction in Elementary School. “Science : Its Structure and Nature” pp.21-29