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1. Communication for Various Purposes

2. Objectives Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations for different target audiences in local and global settings using appropriate register; Create clear, coherent, and effective communication materials;

3. Present ideas persuasively using appropriate language registers, tone, facial expressions, and gestures; and Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas.

4. ACTIVITY Pecha Kucha Presentation

5. Table of Contents Informative, Persuasive and Argumentative Communication Public Speaking Civilian Letter 07 08 09

6. Informative, Persuasive and Argumentative Communication 07

7. Informative Communication I nformative Communication involves giving than asking. Any form of communication can be considered informative communication.

8. Examples Reports, lectures, training seminars, and demonstrations - We provide information in spoken and written communication everyday. -Information sharing is a part of life.

9. Osborn (2009) Supports that informative communication arises out of three deep impulses:

10. a. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around us. b. We seek to become more competent. c. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and how they are made.

11. When preparing for an informative exchange, ask yourself the following questions:

12. l. Is my topic noteworthy to be considered informative? 2. What do my recipients already know about my topic? 3. What more do they have to know? 4. Am I knowledgeable enough of my topic to help my receivers understand it?

13. Steps in Organizing Informative Speech

14.   Step 1:  Prepare the body   Step 2:  Prepare a Preview   Step 3:  Prepare an attention- getting opener   Step 4:  Prepare a Summary   Step 5:  Prepare a memorable conclusion

15. Persuasive Communication Persuasive Communication is an art of gaining fair and favorable considerations for our point of view.

16. a. provides a choice among options. b. advocates something through a speaker. c. uses supporting material to justify advice. d. turns the audience into agents of change.

17. e. asks for strong audience commitment. f. gives importance to the speaker’s credibility. g. appeals to feelings. h. has higher ethical obligation.

18. Exa mples Speeches, articles and videos of motivational speakers  

19. 6 WAYS TO PERSUADE:

20. 1.  Talk Fast   2.  Master the Body Language  3.  Get to know the audience  4.  Timing is everything   5.  Be Persistent   6.  Think Smart

21. Argumentative Communication relies heavily on sound proof and reasoning. The nature of proof has been studied since the Golden Age of Greece and has been improved through time.

22. It is the art of persuading based on reason, facts and not emotions.

23. According to Aristotle, logos, ethos and pathos are the three primary forms of proof. In our time, whoever, many scholars have confirmed the presence of a fourth dimension of proof, mythos , which suggests that we respond to appeals to the traditions and values of our culture and to the legends and folktales that embody them.

24. Mythos- A story that nearly everyone in a community knows that serves as a reference point for community values and behavior.” Santa Claus - Superstitious Beliefs

25. Logos -appeals to the audience's reason, building up logical arguments.

26. Examples One glass of Florida orange juice contains 75% of your daily Vitamin C needs. All men are mortal.

27. Ethos - appeals to the speaker's status or authority, making the audience more likely to trust them.

28. -As a three-time Olympic gold medalist, I can assure you that this energy drink will improve your fitness and stamina. -Buy my old car because I'm Taylor Swift.

29. Pathos -appeals to the emotions, trying to make the audience feel angry or sympathetic.

30. “If we don't leave this place soon, we'll be yelling for help. There's no one to help us here, let's get out of here and live.“ There is no price that can be placed on peace of mind.

31. Lucas (2007) claims that to avoid defective argumentation, the following must be avoided: 1. Defective evidence 2. Misuse of facts 3. Statistical fallacies 4. Defective Testimony 5. Inappropriate evidence

32. Defective Evidence- having a defect or flaw; imperfect; faulty

33. Statistical fallacies occur due to inadequate sample that is used for generalized conclusion; incomparable groups presented as comparable; mixing of two or more distinct groups that in fact require separate consideration;

34. misuse of percentages, means and graphs; incomplete reporting that suppresses facts; ignoring reality and depending instead on oversimplification; forgetting baseline values that affect the outcome.

35. Defective testimony- False testimony is when someone says something under oath that is not true. This can happen in court or in a written statement. It is different from perjury, which is when someone intentionally lies under oath.

36. Inappropriate evidence- not suitable evidences to the topic.

37. Defective Patterns of reasoning 1. Evidential fallacies a. Slippery slope b. Confusing facts with opinion c. red herring d. Myth of the mean 2. Flawed proofs 3. Defective arguments

38. 1. Evidential fallacies- The attempt to argue for or against a proposition or position because there is a lack of evidence against or for it.

39. A fallacy is an error in reasoning. It is a weak argument. To be more specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree of support. By becoming aware of the most common fallacies, you can hopefully avoid them in your own speech

40. a . The Slippery Slope is a fallacy in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question.

41. In most cases, there are a series of steps or gradations between one event and the one in question and no reason is given as to why the intervening steps or gradations will simply be bypassed.

42. Examples

43. You should never gamble. Once you start gambling, you find it hard to stop. Soon you are spending all your money on gambling, and eventually you will turn to crime to support your earnings.

44. If I make an exception for you, then I have to make an exception for everyone.

45. b. Red Herring- Distracting listeners with sensational, irrelevant material. “

46. The name of this fallacy comes from the sport of fox hunting in which a dried, smoked herring, which is red in color, is dragged across the trail of the fox to throw the hounds off the scent.

47. Thus, a "red herring" argument one which distracts the audience from the issue in question through the introduction of some irrelevancy.”

48. An irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue. The basic idea is to "win" an argument by leading attention away from the argument and to another topic

49. Example

50. "Argument" for a tax cut: "You know, I've begun to think that there is some merit in the Republican's tax cut plan. I suggest that you come up with something like it, because If we Democrats are going to survive as a party, we have got to show that we are as tough-minded as the Republicans, since that is what the public wants."

51. c. Myth of the Mean -Using an average to hide a problem.

52. Examples

53. The average person makes 32,000 a year. (The reality is there are a few really rich people and many very poor. The mean is not reflective.)

54. This community does not need aid because "the average monthly income is well over $6,000." (In fact, high salaries skew the number and in reality many families are far below the poverty line.

55. d. Confusing facts from opinion It is a dangerous game that should not be played.  The best way to avoid this danger is to be armed with accuracy.

56. Example

57. It hurts when someone says, “ You’re not doing well in this job.”   The reason it hurts, is because it is someone else’s opinion of you.  Opinions are like painful judgements.

58. “You’re closing percentage is 32%, and the set standard is 45%.”   Is a fact, not an opinion.  If you feel a sting, it is the sting of your own opinion.

59. 2. Flawed Proof – A reasoning error or defect; a feature of an argument's reasoning that keeps the argument from delivering the degree of support that it claims to deliver for its conclusion.

60. Example

61. The proportion of fat calories in the diets of people who read the nutrition labels on food products is significantly lower than it is in the diets of people who do not read nutrition labels. This shows that reading these labels promotes healthful dietary behavior.

62. Defective Argument- These defective forms of argument are called fallacies. An argument may be fallacious in three ways: in its material content, through a misstatement of the facts; in its wording, through an incorrect use of terms; or in its structure (or form), through the use of an improper process of inference.

63. Public Speaking 08

64. What is it? Public speaking is a process of speaking in a structured, deliberate manner to inform, influence or entertain an audience.

65. Speech Speech is the term used to refer to the body spoken expressions of information and ideas.

66. Kinds of Speech Reading from a Manuscript is appropriate when the speech is long and when details are complicated and essential such as that they need to be given completely. Reading is also appropriate when one is asked to deliver a prepared speech on behalf of another speaker.

67. Memorized speech requires a speaker to commit everything to memory. This method is excellent for short messages although it is also used for long pieces in oratorical, declamation and other literary contests.

68. Extemporaneous speaking may have a short or a long preparation. The speaker may use an outline to guide him through his speech to achieve better organization and to avoid leaving out details.

69. Impromptu means speaking at the spur of the moment. Since there is very minimal or no time for preparation given for impromptu, the content and organization may suffer.

70. Thanks! Do you have any questions? [email protected] [phone] yourwebsite.com Please keep this slide for attribution