Lesson 7- Knowledge nnhgggManagement.pptx

notes

1. Lesson 7 Knowledge Management

2. Recap: Data, Information and Knowledge D ata represent a structured codification of single primary entities, as well as of transactions involving two or more primary. Information is the outcome of extraction and processing activities carried out on data, and it appears meaningful for those who receive it in a specific domain. Knowledge consist of information put to work into a specific domain, enhanced by the experience and competence of decision makers in tackling and solving complex problems. It originates and is applied in the mind of the knowers. In organizations it is embedded not only in documents or repositories, but also in organizational routines, practices and norms.

3. Types of Knowledge 1. Tacit knowledge is personal/ experience-based knowledge; it is highly personal and difficult to formalize. Held by humans, this includes understandings derived from emotions, experiences, insights, and intuitions. Gathered through knowledge surveys, questionnaires, interviews and focus groups. 2. Explicit Knowledge Has been codified (documented) in a form that can be distributed to others or transformed into a process or strategy without requiring interpersonal interaction. 3. Implicit knowledge Knowledge that explains how best to implement explicit knowledge. It is information that has not yet been codified or transferred, but that would be possible to teach.

4. Types of Knowledge Cont’d… 4. Embedded knowledge Locked in processes, products and culture. Obtained via observation, analysis, reverse engineering, and modelling. It is found in: rules, processes, manuals, organizational culture, codes of conduct, ethics, products, etc. 5. Procedural Knowledge It focuses on beliefs relating sequences of steps or actions to desired outcome. Characterized as “know-how” 6. Declarative knowledge or substantive knowledge Focuses on beliefs about relationship among variables. Can be stated in the form of propositions, expected correlations or formulas relating concepts represented as variables Characterized as “know what”

5. What is knowledge management? Knowledge management is the art of transforming information and intellectual assets into enduring value for an organization’s clients and its people. The purpose of Knowledge management is to: Foster the reuse of intellectual capital. Enable better decision making. Create the conditions for innovation. KM provides people, processes, and technology to help knowledge flow To the right people. At the right time. So they can act more efficiently and effectively

6. Knowledge Management Components People – how do you increase the ability of an individual in the organisation to influence others with their knowledge Processes – Its approach varies from organization to organization. There is no limit on the number of processes Technology – It needs to be chosen only after all the requirements of a knowledge management initiative have been established. Knowledge Management may be viewed in terms of: Culture –The biggest enabler of successful knowledge- driven organizations is the establishment of a knowledge- focused culture Structure – the business processes and organisational structures that facilitate knowledge sharing Technology – a crucial enabler rather than the solution. Or

7. Ways to do Knowledge Management Share Share what you have learned, created, and proved Innovate Innovate to be more creative, inventive, and imaginative Reuse Reuse what others have already learned, created and proved Collaborate Collaborate with others to take advantage of what they know Learn Learn by doing, from others, and from existing information

8. Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge Management Systems (KMS): the synergy between latest technologies and social/structural mechanisms Information technology facilitates sharing as well a s accelerated growth of knowledge. Knowledge management mechanisms are organizational or structural means used to promote knowledge management The use of leading- edge information technologies to support KM mechanisms enables dramatic improvement in KM.

9. Knowledge Management Systems Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies play an important role in the KM processes, enabling the development of KMS Experience management : basically experience develops over time, to coalesce into more general experience, which then combines into general knowledge KM systems classification based on observations on the KM systems implementations: Knowledge Discovery Systems Knowledge Capture Systems Knowledge Sharing Systems Knowledge Application Systems

10. Knowledge Management Process

11. Challenges of Knowledge Management Creating a culture of flexibility and collaboration: KM can be especially difficult because employees might want to protect their skills and knowledge, or be reluctant to learn from their peers. Security: Need to design a knowledge transfer system that makes it easy for the appropriate people to access information, while protecting sensitive or private intelligence from outsiders. Measuring knowledge: It can be difficult to define metrics to measure the knowledge within the organization, especially for tacit knowledge that cannot be easily quantified. To overcome this, some experts recommend focusing on the purpose of knowledge, rather than the efforts or results (which are often also unquantifiable). Identifying an expert: There won’t always be a single “keeper” of every knowledge type, but you will still have to identify who within the company possesses certain knowledge, and use them as the base level of knowledge from which you want to build. This process is difficult tactically, but can also be delicate among employees who might feel competitive about their skill levels.

12. Challenges of Knowledge Management Document storage and management: Knowledge has to be stored and organized in some form. Document management is a challenge for many companies, but organization is a vital aspect of KM. Disseminating knowledge throughout an organization: need to devise a process where, once knowledge is stored, other team members can access it. Many organizations opt for a software system designed specifically for this purpose.. Continual improvement: Like most process- driven strategies, continually improvement of the knowledge management system implemented is necessary. Stage periodic reviews or, if possible, dedicate resources to continually optimize your process. Determining where KM is housed: If KM serves your entire organization, decide which department will “own” the strategy. KM is commonly housed in HR or IT. Remember, this department is not only responsible for effectively managing the knowledge itself, but also for maintaining the community of knowledge sharing and organizational learning.

13. Revision Questions Differentiate between process approach and practice approach to Knowledge Management. Discuss Knowledge Management Life Cycle.