Lesson 8 - Disciplines and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences

DIASS

1. Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in Counseling

2. DIFFERENT SETTINGS WHERE COUNSELORS WORK

3. 1. Government Setting Social welfare, correctional department, the court system, child and women affairs services, schools, military, police, hospitals, mental and foster homes, and rehabilitation centers are some of the government settings where counselors are found.

4. 2. Private Sector Setting Independent providers of services or work for NGOs are among the range of counsellors in the private sector. The processes, methods and tools used by counsellors in the private setting remain exactly the same as in the government setting.

5. 3. Civil Society Setting Charities or non-profit and issue-based centers or organizations such as for abused women, abandoned children and elderly, veterans, teachers, professionals, or religious groups comprises the civil society setting were counsellors are found.

6. 4. SCHOOL Setting The role of guidance counselor in school setting is more complex since the needs of the students are varied. Moreover, guidance counselors assume many different responsibilities and tasks based on the particular needs of students and the school context.

7. 5. COMMUNITY Setting The widest application of counseling services includes the community setting considering the diversity of people in the community.

8. PROCESSES IN COUNSELING

9. Counseling process is both considered an art and a science. As an art , it requires the counselor to be sensitive to his clients . It needs excellent skills in listening and ability of the counselor to demonstrate care and empathy. As a science , it requires the use of scientific tools to obtain comprehension during the different stages of the counseling process.

10. According Nystul (2003) there are six stages of the counseling process:

11. Stage 1- Relationship Building Relationship Building provides the force and foundation for the counseling. Here there is a need to establish rapport, promote acceptance of the client and promote relevant communication between the counselor and the counselee.

12. Stage 2 - Assessment and Diagnosis Assessment and Diagnosis offers appreciation of the client’s condition and analysis of the root causes of the problem. Data gathered will be the diagnosis.

13. Stage 3 - Formulation of Counseling Goals Formulation of Counseling Goals sets the direction of the counseling process, its parameters of work and the client-counselor relationship. The client and counselor must agree on their goals.

14. Stage 4 - Intervention and Problem Solving Intervention and Problem Solving comprises of the counseling goals, strategies and intervention.

15. Stage 5 - Termination and Follow - up Termination and Follow - up progresses the client with the help of the counselor.

16. Stage 6 - Research and Evaluation Research and Evaluation can be taken at any point of the counseling stage and provides scientific appreciation.

17. METHODS IN COUNSELING

18. There are different approaches and theoretical categories used in counseling process. This includes psychoanalytical, affective, cognitive, and behavioral ( Galding , 2000).

19. Classic Theories primed the underpinning of clinical practices. Most psychological theories which were developed by Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler are considered to be under the category of classic theories. 1. Classic Theories

20. A. Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory also known as psychoanalysis of the mind which involves the discussion on ID, Ego and Superego. According to Nystul (2003) a psychoanalytic counselor may use the following methods:  Free association encourages discussion to suppress emotion.  Dream analysis explores unconscious process using dreams.  Confrontation and Clarification uses feedback procedure to determine analysis.  Interpretation gives insights of the patient’s inner conflicts 1. Classic Theories

21. B. Adler’s Individual Psychology focuses on the role of recognition in psychological function. According to Nystul (2003) there are four phases of Adlerian Psychotheraphy .  Establishing relationship  Performing Analysis and Assessment  Promoting Insight  Reorientation 1. Classic Theories

22. C. Jung’s Analytic Psychology highlights the task of unconscious processes in psychological functioning. 1. Classic Theories

23. Experiential theories fall under affective which are concerned about generating emotions of the clients to effect change. 2. Experiential theories

24. A. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling uses the “if and then” which considers certain conditions exist in the counseling relationship until the client reaches self-actualization. 2. Experiential theories

25. B. Perls Gestalt Therapy centers on the approach of the here and now which refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client experience from the inside and the how the counselor observes from the outside. 2. Experiential theories

26. Cognitive -Behavioral Theories highlights the task of cognition of thoughts, belief and internal behavior in person’s life. 3. Cognitive -Behavioral Theories

27. A. Ellis Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 3. Cognitive -Behavioral Theories

28. B. Beck’s Cognitive Theory 3. Cognitive -Behavioral Theories

29. C. Berne’s Transactional Analysis 3. Cognitive -Behavioral Theories

30. THANK YOU 