Lesson 8 ENDOGENIC. Geological processes are natural mechanisms that shape the Earth’s surface and interior.

Geological processes are natural mechanisms that shape the Earth’s surface and interior.

1. Geologic al Processes on Earth

2. Geological processes are natural mechanisms that shape the Earth’s surface and interior.

3. Geological p rocesses Geological processes are dynamic actions or events at the Earth’s surface caused by natural forces like gravity, temperature changes, freezing and thawing, chemical reactions, seismic activity, wind, and moving water, ice, and snow. When these forces exceed the strength of Earth materials, they cause deformation, movement, or chemical changes. These processes can also interact with external factors like impact cratering and vary in importance over time and location on a planet’s surface.

4. Geological processes are divided into two main categories: Exogenic Processes Endogenic Processes

5. Exogenic Processes

6. Exogenic Processes it is formed or occuring on the surface of Earth i t is usually driven by gravity, water, wind, and organisms.

7. Types of Exogenic Processes a . Weathering b. Mass Wasting c. Erosion & Transportation d. Sedimentation

8. W EATHERING It is the process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks , soil and minerals.

9. W EATHERING There are three types of weathering: Physical / Mechanical Weathering Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering

10. 1. Physical or Mechanical Weathering - is a breakdown of rocks by mechanical forces Types of Weathering

11. Physical or Mechanical Weathering ICE/ FROST WEDGING Ice wedging is a form of mechanical weathering or physical weathering in which cracks in rock or other surfaces fill with water, freeze and expand, causing the cracks to enlarge and eventually break.

12. FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL WEATHERING ICE WEDGING ~> H 2 O s e e ps i n r o c k , e x p a n ds, c r a c k r o c k s into s m alle r pieces. RELEASE OF PRES S U R E ~> Surface r o c k e r o d es, roc k fla k es li k e o n ion la y e r s. GR O WTH OF PLANTS ~> R o ots g r o w into crac k s a n d p u sh r oc k s a p a r t. A N IMALS ~> Bur r o w an d push a p a r t r o c k . A B R A S I ON ~> San d an d r o c k carrie d by wi n d, w a te r , i c e w e a r s a w a y s u r face r o c k w h e n r o c k s collide. Mos t com m o n in win d y a r e a s

13. 2. Chemical Weathering the changes in the composition of rocks due to the chemical reactions below: dissolution hydrolysis oxidation Types of Weathering

14. Chemical Reactions Affecting Chemical Weathering DISSOLUTION is the process by which rocks break down by chemical reactions. Weathering by water Ex. Halite the formation of stalactites and stalagmites in caves are brought about by this chemical reactions.

15. Chemical Reactions Affecting Chemical Weathering S talactites and S talagmites Halite Tafoni

16. HYDROLYSIS The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. When rocks sit in water for extended periods of time they begin to break down and have a clay-like texture. Chemical Reactions Affecting Chemical Weathering

17. OXIDATION the response of oxygen with minerals. if the iron oxidizes, the mineral in rock descomposes. rusting is an example of this chemical reaction. Chemical Reactions Affecting Chemical Weathering

18. FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL WEATHERING W A TER ~> W ater dis so l v es rock che m i cal l y . OXY G EN ~> Rock s that ha s iron in it mi x e s with ox y ge n an d rusts. CARB O N DIOXIDE ~> CO2 diss olves in ra i nwat er an d weat hers marble an d l i mest o ne. LIVING OR G ANIS M S ~> Aci d s from p l a nts and roots ch emic a l l y we ather ro c k. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollutio n reacts with clouds an d fa l l s on rock as acid ra i n.

19. 3. Biological Weathering - occurs when living organisms cause rocks to weather , or break down. - is the weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals and microbes. Types of Weathering

20. This refers to the movement of large masses of materials down a slope or a steep sided hill or mountain due to the pull of gravity. Debris flow, Mudflow, Slump examples are fall, slide, avalanche, and flow. Mass Wasting

21. Fou r main classes of Mass Wasting Falls Slides Creeps Flows Mass Wasting

22. 1. Falls - This type of mass wasting can involve a single rock or thousands of rocks. For a mass wasting event to be classified as a fall, it must travel at a high rate of speed down a very steep slope Fou r main classes of Mass Wasting

23. 2. Creeps In geology, slow downslope movement of particles that occurs on every slope covered with loose, weathered material. Fou r main classes of Mass Wasting

24. 3. Slides A slide happens when a section of soil or rock suddenly gives way and moves down a slope. Fou r main classes of Mass Wasting

25. 4. Flows - A flowing mixture of debris and water, usually moving down a channel. Fou r main classes of Mass Wasting

26. DEBRIS FLOW - Happens when large amount of sediments, usually rocks of various sizes, falls down the slope. Flows

27. MUDFLOW - Happens when combined soil and water flow down a slope. Flows

28. SLUMP - Is a slow movement of soil along with a curved surface. - A slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or a rock layer moves a short distance down a slope. Movement is characterized by sliding along a concave-upward or planar surface. Flows

29. Erosion - It is the process by which earth’s surface is worn away by wind, water, or ice. - Process of erosion moves rock debris or soil from one place to another.

30. EROSI O N BY W A TER Erosion by w a t er changes the shape of coastlin e s. W av e s constan t ly cr a sh against shores. T h ey p o u n d rocks i n to pe b b l es and reduce peb b les to sand. W ater sometimes tak e s sand a w a y from beach es . T h is moves the coastline farther i n lan d .

31. EROSI O N BY WIND Ero s ion by w i n d carries dust, s an d , and v olcanic ash from one place to an o the r . W ind can somet i mes blow s a nd into to w ering d u n e s.

32. EROSI O N BY ICE Eros i on by ice can erode the la n d. In frig i d ar e as and on some mou n taint o p s, g l acie r s move sl o w ly d o w n h i l l and ac r oss the lan d . As they move, they pick up ever y th i ng in t h eir path, from ti n y grains of sand to h u ge b o u l ders.

33. EROSI O N BY GR A VITY Gravity p u l ls any l o ose b i ts d o w n the side of a h i ll o r mou n tain. Gravity Erosion is better kn o w n as Mass Movem e n t.

34. - It is the accumulation of materials such as soil, rock fragments and soil particles settling on the ground. SEDIMENTATION / D EPOSITION

35. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

36. WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESSES? Endog e nic Pro c es s e s are geo l ogical processe s tha t occu r beneat h th e surfac e of th e Earth. It i s associated wit h energ y originatin g in th e inte r ior o f t h e so l id earth. The groun d w e liv e o n is moving all t h e time. The Force s withi n th e eart h t h at caus e the groun d t o move a r e ca l le d ENDOGENIC FORCES.

37. WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESSES? There are many endogenic processes. They include faulting, folding, and volcanism. When this process occurs, it makes way for the different landforms on Earth to be created. For instance, when we see volcanoes or mountains, it is an endogenous process that allowed for that to occur . Responsible for earthquakes, development of continents, mountain building, volcanic activities and other movement related to the crust.

38. THE MAIN ENDOGENIC PROCESS T h e M ain Endog e nic Pro c es s e s are FOLDIN G & FAUL T ING o r Tectonic Mo v ements. T h e y tak e plac e mainly along th e plate bo u ndaries, whic h a re th e zones tha t are n ot stable. Endog e nic proce s se s ca u s e many m ajor landfor m feat u res.

39. FOLDING When tw o f o rces pus h towa r d s eac h othe r f r o m op p osit e sides , th e ro c k layer s wi l l ben d into fo l ds. The proces s b y whic h fo l d s a re fo r med are d u e to compression a l for c e s known as fo l ding. There a r e l a rge- sc a l e and sm a l l -sc a l e fo l ds . L a rg e - sc a l e fo l d s a re fo u nd m a inly a l on g destructiv e plate boun d aries.

40. ILLUSTRATION: FOLDING

41. FOLDING

42. Mount Head, Canada Located in the Highwood River Valleysouth of Head Creek and north of Wileman Creek. Highwood Range, Kananaskis Park, Alberta

43. The folds of the rocks at position Apoplystra The folds of the rocks at position Apoplystra, between the village of St. Paul and the sandhills (Greece) are remarkably colorful.

44. FAULTING - Faults form as the Earth's crust deforms due to stress. Most commonly this stress is caused by plate tectonics. - The tectonic plates are moving due to convection inside the Earth's mantle. When stresses in rocks build up, and become greater than the strength of the rock, the rock breaks and a fault forms .

45. Mantle’s Convection

46. TYPES O F FAULTING There a r e thre e ty p e s o f f a u l t whic h a re c a u s e d by differen t endog e nic for c es: Norma l f a u l t ( C onverg e nce) Rev e rse fa u l t (Div e rgence) Tear f a u l t ( T r a nsf o r m ) Fau l tin g fo r ms tw o m ajor l a ndfo r ms - blo c k mo untains and rift va l ley s .

47. TYPES O F FAULTING Normal Fault - Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart, as by tension.

48. TYPES O F FAULTING Thrust /Reverse Fault Fault in which the rocks on the upper side of an inclined fault plane have been displaced upwards, usually by compression; a reverse fault.

49. TYPES O F FAULTING Strike-slip /Tear Fault - Faults are vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally

50. Horst and Graben Structure in Zanjan, Iran

51. The San Andreas California Fault

52. ILLUSTRATION OF FAULTING

53. OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESS (SUBSEQUENT) These a re End o geni c P r oce s se s tha t a r e s u bseq u ent t o th e main on e s. Volcanis m (V o lc anic Activi ty) Me ta m o r phism Earthqua ke (Seismic Activi ty)

54. VOLCANISM V O LCANISM o r magm a tis m ( a ls o known as vo l c a nic activity o r igneous a c tivi t y) Magm a beneat h th e cr u s t is u nder very great pressure . Whe n fo l din g and fau l tin g occ u r, cr a ck s or fr a cture s whic h a re line s o f w eakness are c reated. Wh e n th e s e line s o f weaknes s dev e lo p downwa r d in th e cr u s t and reach th e magm a , th ey wil l release the pressur e in th e magma. This a l l ow s m a gm a t o rise u p a l o ng th e line s of weakn e s s and in t ru d e into th e cr u st . So m e magma may eve n reach th e earth' s su r fa c e and some d o n’t.

55. ILLUSTRATION OF VOLCANISM There are tw o t y p e s of Volcanis m : I nt r u s i v e volc a nism and E xtrusiv e vo l c a nis m.

56. RESULT OF VOLCANISM

57. METAMORPHISM Metamor phism is a n e nd o geni c proces s which occ urs whe n ther e is pressur e and hea t ap p lie d to g e ol o gi c structu r e s whic h lead s t o th e form a tio n of Metamorph ic Rocks.

58. ILLUSTRATION OF METAMORPHISM

59. RESULT OF METAMORPHISM

60. GRADING METAMOPRHIC ROCK

61. GRADING METAMOPRHIC ROCK Fine grained sedimentary rocks (e.g. shale or mudstone) can transform into different metamorphic rocks depending on the degree of metamorphism. At relatively low grade of metamorphism (low temperature and pressure conditions), shale can metamorphose into slate. At a still higher degree of metamorphism, slate can transform into phyllite. (A definite sequence of metamorphic rocks can form with increasing degree of metamorphism). The resulting metamorphic rock type is composed of minerals that are stable at the attained temperature, pressure, and chemical condition of metamorphism.

62. EARTHQUAKES An E a r thqu a ke o r ( S eismi c Activity) is a s u dden shaking or vibr a tion in the e arth’s cr u st. Wh e n plate s sud d enl y move pas t eac h o t her , the built-u p strain is released a l on g th e f a u l t , and the r o c k f r a c tures. An earthqua ke a l s o can b e tri g g e red b y mo l t e n r o ck moving u p into th e ch a mber o f a volc a no b e fore eruption.

63. EARTHQUAKES Epicenter – the point on the earth surface vertically above the focus of an earthquake. Focus – is a point inside the earth where the earthquake started. Seismic wave –is a wave of acoustic energy that travels through the earth and caused by sudden movement of materials within the earth. It can result from earthquake, volcanic eruption, magma movement and a large landslide.

64. ILLUSTRATION OF EARTHQUAKE

65. IMPORTANT DETAILS Endogeni c Pro c e s s es are Process e s tha t is forme d or o c cur r ing beneat h th e surf a c e o f th e Earth. The Mai n Endog e nic Pro c e s s es are Fol d i ng and Fa ul t i ng (or t ectoni c mo vem ents). The Su bse q u ent Endo geni c Pro c ess e s are Vol c ani s m , Me t amorp h is m , and Earthquake s . Endogeni c process e s caus e many m ajor l a ndform f e at ures. Endo geni c pro c ess e s ha v e bee n responsible fo r shaping the earth’s g e ologic struct u res and the formation of many o f th e most important mineral resources.