leukemia and lymphoma

my reference
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Roger Walker
Rang & Dale’s pharmacology
Essential of medical pharmacology, K D Tripathi
www.google.com

1. Leukemia and lymphoma Email: [email protected] Prepared by: hamze ali saeed BSMLT

2. C ONTENT INTRODUCTION TYPES SYMPTOMS CAUSES RISK FACTORS DIAGNOSTIC METHODS TREATMENTS

3. INTRODUCTION Leukemia is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of white blood cells. These white blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells . Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided into a variety of large groups. The first division is between its ACUTE and CHRONIC forms.

4. Acute leukemia Acute leukemia is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells. The crowding that results from such cells makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. Immediate treatment required because of the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells. Most common form of leukemia in children.

5. CHRONIC LEUKEMIA It is characterized by the excessive buildup of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells. Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells. Chronic leukemia are monitored for sometimes before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy. Mostly occurs in older people, but can occur in any age group.

6. SUBDIVISION OF LEUKEMIA The diseases are subdivided according to which kind of blood cell is affected. This divides leukemias into lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias and myeloid or myelogenous leukemias . In lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias , the cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form lymphocytes . Most lymphocytic leukemias involve a specific subtype of lymphocyte, the B-cell .

7. In myeloid or myelogenous leukemias , the cancerous change takes place in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form red blood cells, some other types of white cells, and platelets. There are some types of subcategories like hairy cell leukemia(subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia), T- cell prolymphocytic leukemia(very Rare and aggressive), large granular lymphocytic leukemia(involve either T-cells or Nk cells, adult T-cell leukemia (caused by human T- lymphotropic virus), clonal eosinophilias (mutation in hematopoietic stem cells).

8. MAJOR TYPES OF LEUKEMIA. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Acute myeloid leukemia. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia.

9. ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA Most common type of leukemia in young children. It also affects adults, especially those 65 and older. Standard treatment involve chemotherapy and radiotherapy . The survival rate vary by age : 85% in children and 50% in adults.

10. CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA Most often affects adults over the age of 55. Sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children. Two-third of affected people are men. It is incurable , but there are many effective treatments. The five year survival rate is 75%.

11. ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA It occurs more commonly in adults than in children, and are more commonly in men than women. It is treated with chemotherapy. The five year survival rate is 40%.

12. CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA It occurs mainly in adults; a very small number of children also develop this disease. It is treated with imatinib (Gleevec in United states, Gluivec in Europe). The five year survival rate is 90%.

13. S YM P T OMS Bleeding. Bruising. Feeling tired. Fever. Increased risk of infections. Pale skin. An enlarged spleen.

14. C A US E S Mutation in the DNA Inherited Viruses Radiation Non-ionizing radiation

15. RISK FACTORS Smoking. Family history. Ionizing radiation. Some chemicals. Down syndrome.

16. DIGNOSTIC METHODS BLOOD TEST: Complete blood counts(white blood cell count increases abnormally). LYMPH NODE BIOPSY: Performed to diagnose certain types of leukemia in certain situations. BONE MARROW THERAPY: abnormal cell division in the bone marrow WBC’s amount continues to increase. X-ray (bones),MRI(Brain),Ultrasound(kidney, spleen, liver).

17. L YMPHOMA

18. INTRODUCTION Lymphoma is a group of blood cell tumors that develop from lymphocytes(a type of white blood cell). Lymphoma most often spreads to the lungs, liver, and brain. Lymphoma’s symptoms are like enlarged lymph nodes , fever, sweat, itching etc. The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless. There are two types of lymphomas: Hodgkin’s lymphomas Non- hodgkin lymphoma .  About 90% of lymphomas are non-hodgkin lymphomas.

19. HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMAS Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most common known types of lymphomas. A hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the reed-sternberg cell .

20. S YM P T OMS Enlarged lymph nodes Or lymphadenopathy. B symptoms (systemic symptoms)- can be associated with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-hodgkin lymphoma. They consist of : Fever Night Sweats Unintended weight loss Itching Feeling tired/fatigue. Anorexia or loss of appetite.

21. RISK FACTORS  Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with, Epstein-barr virus. History of the disease in the family.  Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include, Autoimmune disease. HIV/AIDS. Infection with human T- lymphotropic virus. Immunosuppresant medications. Pesticides. Tobacco smoking.

22. DIAGNOSTIC METHOD  Lymph Node Biopsy. A partial or total excision of a lymph node examined under the microscope. This examination reveals the histopathology features that may indicate lymphoma.

23. TREATMENT Treatment may involve chemotherapy, medication, radiation therapy and rarely stem-cell transplant. Medications Chemotherapy, Bone marrow stimulant, Steroid, and Blood transfusion Surgery Autotransplantation

24. REFERENCE Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, Roger Walker Rang & Dale’s pharmacology Essential of medical pharmacology, K D Tripathi www.google.com THANKS FOR YOR ATTENTION HAVE A NICE DAY