leukemia final.pptx

Topic for BAMS

1. Leukemia

2. What is Leukemia? Leukemia is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in th e bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells called "blasts ". Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. In turn, it is part of the even broader group of diseases affecting the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid system .

3. Hematopoiesis

4. Causes of Leukemia Benzene as a cause of leukemia had documented since 1928. In 1948, the American Petroleum Institute officially reported a link between this solvent used in many of their industries used and cases of leukemia in their workers. Their findings concluded that the only safe level of benzene exposure is no exposure at all. Working with certain chemicals — Exposure to high levels of benzene in the workplace can cause leukemia. Benzene is used widely in the chemical industry. Formaldehyde is also used by the chemical industry. Workers exposed to formaldehyde also may be at greater risk of leukemia.

5. Causes of Leukemia Very high levels of radiation have been caused by atomic bomb explosions (such as those in Japan during World War II) and nuclear power plant accidents (such as the Chernobyl [also called Chornobyl] accident in 1986). Very high levels of radiation — People exposed to very high levels of radiation are much more likely than others to develop leukemia. Medical treatment that uses radiation can be another source of high-level exposure. Radiation used for diagnosis, however, exposes people to much lower levels of radiation and is not a likely cause.

6. Causes of Leukemia For patients treated for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), cumulative doses of alkylating agent (AA) is associated with the risk of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (t-AML/MDS), according to a study published online Jan. 7 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology . Chemotherapy — Cancer patients treated with certain cancer-fighting drugs sometimes later develop leukemia. For example, drugs known as alkylating agents are associated with the development of leukemia many years later.

7. Causes of Leukemia SMOKING cigarettes may increase a person's risk of contracting leukemia by 30 percent and cause up to 3,600 cases of adult leukemia a year in the United States. (Published February 3, 1993) Smoking — Tobacco products are the single, major avoidable cause of cancer. Smoking is also causally associated with cancers of the pancreas, kidney, bladder, stomach, an d cervix and with myeloid leukemia.

8. Causes of Leukemia Down syndrome was linked to leukemia for the first time in a case report published in 1930. Since then, Down syndrome has been recognized as one of the most important leukemia-predisposing syndromes and patients with Down syndrome and leukemia have unique clinical features and significant differences in treatment response and toxicity profiles compared to patients without Down syndrome. Down syndrome and certain other genetic diseases — Some diseases caused by abnormal chromosomes may increase the risk of leukemia.

9. T ypes D ifferent types of leukemia are grouped in two ways . by duration of onset Chronic (slow and long history) Acute (short history rapid devlop ) by the type of blood cell that is affected Lymphoid cells Myeloid cells

10. T ypes In chronic leukemia, the leukemia cells come from mature, abnormal cells. The cells thrive for too long and accumulate. The se cells grow slowly . I n chronic cases symptoms may take a long time to even appear . Acute leukemia develop s from early cells, called "blasts". Blasts are young cells, that divide frequently. They target immature cells, causing symptoms to appear quickly . In acute leukemia cells don't stop dividing like their normal counterparts do.

11. T ypes Lymphocytic leukemi a Cancerous transformation occurs in the type of marrow that makes lymphocytes. It commonly affects lymph nodes but can invade all body tissues. Myelogenous leukemia C ancerous change occurs in the type of marrow cells that produce red blood cells, other types of white blood cells , and platelets. I nvolves the granulocytes i.e. neutrophils , eosinophils, or basophils.

12. ALL CLL AML CML

13. Dia g nos is The diagnosis of leukemia frequently occurs following a routine blood test that results in an abnormal blood cell count. If you have symptoms that suggest leukemia, your doctor will try to find out what's causing the problems. Your doctor may ask about your personal and family medical history. You may have one or more of the following tests: Blood tests : The lab does a complete blood count to check the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Leukemia causes a very high level of white blood cells. It may also cause low levels of platelets and hemoglobin , which is found inside red blood cells.

14. Dia g nos is The diagnosis of leukemia frequently occurs following a routine blood test that results in an abnormal blood cell count. If you have symptoms that suggest leukemia, your doctor will try to find out what's causing the problems. Your doctor may ask about your personal and family medical history. You may have one or more of the following tests: Biopsy : Your doctor removes tissue to look for cancer cells. A biopsy is the only sure way to know . Your doctor removes some bone marrow from your hipbone or another large bone. A pathologist uses a microscope to check the tissue for leukemia cells . There are two ways your doctor can obtain bone marrow .

15. Dia g nos is The diagnosis of leukemia frequently occurs following a routine blood test that results in an abnormal blood cell count. If you have symptoms that suggest leukemia, your doctor will try to find out what's causing the problems. Your doctor may ask about your personal and family medical history. You may have one or more of the following tests: Biopsy  Bone marrow aspiration : The doctor uses a thick, hollow needle to remove samples of bone M arrow fluid and cells .  Bone marrow biopsy : The doctor uses a very thick, hollow needle to remove a small piece of bone .

16. Dia g nos is The tests that your doctor orders for you depend on your symptoms and type of leukemia. You may have other tests : Cytogenetics : The lab looks at the chromosomes of cells from samples of blood, bone marrow, or lymph nodes. If abnormal chromosomes are found, the test can show what type of leukemia you have. For example, people with CML have an abnormal chromosome called the Philadelphia chromosome . Chest x-ray : An x-ray can show swollen lymph nodes or other signs of disease in your chest.

17. Dia g nos is The tests that your doctor orders for you depend on your symptoms and type of leukemia. You may have other tests : Lumbar puncture or Spinal tap : Your doctor may remove some of the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that fills the spaces in and around the brain and spinal cord). The doctor uses a long, thin needle to remove fluid from the lower spine . The lab checks the fluid for leukemia cells or other signs of problems.

18. Treatment C hemotherapy I ntrathecal chemotherapy Radiation therapy Surgery Stem cell transplant.

19. Treatment Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is not always treated right away. It usually gets worse more slowly than acute leukemia. Treatment of Chronic Leukemia Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Watchful waiting - Not getting cancer treatment right away is called watchful waiting . CLL usually gets worse very slowly, and you may have no symptoms for some time. You and your doctor may decide to hold off on treatment for a while. During this time your doctor will watch you careful ly.

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