Life cycle of Pythium, Albugo, Erysiphe, Claviceps, Ustilao and Puccinia fungi

The pciniaresentation describe the life cycle of Pythium, Albugo, Erysiphae, Claviceps, Ustilago, Puccinia

1. Life Cycle of Pythium , Albugo , Erysiphe , Claviceps , Ustilao and Puccinia Fungi DR. RAJBIR SINGH Assistant Professor Department of Plant Pathology Gochar Mahavidyalaya (Post Graduate College) Rampur Maiharan , Saharanpur (UP), India Affiliated to: CCS University, Meerut (UP), India Email: [email protected]

2. Life Cycle of Pythium Pythium spp. cause “Damping off” diseases in plants Mycelium of this fungus grow fast and is branched, thin, white in color, non- septate inter or intracellular. Asexual reproduction by sporangia which are produced terminal and intercalary on mycelium. Sporangia are ovoid or spherical, filamentous or indefinite shape. Sporangia detached from mycelium and spread by air or water from one place to other place. These sporangia germinate directly by germ tube or mycelium produce a vesicle. Protoplasm of sporangia move towards vesicle and form zoospores. After bursting of vesicle zoospores released. After release zoospore rest and lose their flagella and Encyst . Encysted zoospore later germinate and infect to host. Asexual reproduction also take place by Chlamydospores . Some hypha of mycelium swollen, separated by a septum and form spherical structures. These chlamydospores germinate by germ tube and infect host.

3. Sexual reproduction - on the tip of the mycelium spherical oogonium (female) and club shaped antheridium (male) form these two parts come in the contact with the help of fertilization tube, which form on antheridium . Through the fertilization tube antheridium nucleus moves towards oogonium and later zygote form which is called Oospore . Size of oospore is 17-19 µm which surface is smooth. Before germination of these spores need a resting period so called “Resting Spores”. After resting period these oospores germinate directly by germ tube or may form vesicle which produce zoospores. Germination of oospores depend on the temperature. If tem. is more than 18 ͦ C then oospores directly germinate by germ tube. If tem. is more than 10-18ͦ C then oospores germinate by forming zoospores.

4. Life Cycle of Albugo Albugo is a biotrophic or obligate parasite fungus. Mycelium is branched, non- septate and intracellular. Buton shaped haustoria are present. Sporangiophores are form on lower side of epidermis. Sporangiophores bear the sporangia which are in basipetal chain. Upper most sporangium is thick walled and not germinate. It put the pressure on epidermis. Sporangia are unicellular, multinucelus with smooth and thick walled. Size of sporangium is 14× 16 to 16-20 µm and diameter is 15-21µm. Sporangia are attached in chain by gelatinous disc like tissue pad which dissolve in presence of moisture and sporangia become free from chain. When these sporangia germinate directly by forming germ tube than called conidia. But it is rare. Sporangia detached from mycelium and spread by air or water from one place to other place. At the time of germination papilla formation take place which later form zoospores. Zoospores are unicellular, biflagellate and kidney shaped. After release zoospores rest and loose their flagella and e ncyst . Encysted zoospores later germinate and infect to host. For formation and germination of sporangia optimum tem is 10ͦ ͦC.

5. Sexual reproduction by Oogamy . Oogonium (female) is spherical, terminal or intercalary and have about 200 nucleus. Its protoplasm is divided in Periplasm and Ooplasm . Antheridium (male) is club shaped and have 6-12 nucleus. Oogonium and Antheridium come in the contact by a papilla which disappear shortly. At the point of contact of Oogonium cell wall become thin and form papilla. Through the contact of both sex organs Antheridium nucleus moves towards Oogonium and later Zygote form which is called Oospore . Oospores are spherical, yellow to dark brown in colour and diameter is 40-55 µm which cell wall is thick and tuberculate . Before germination of these spores need a resting period so called “Resting Spores”. After resting period these oospores germinate by forming sessile vesicle which produce zoospores.

6. Life Cycle of Erysiphae Erysiphae is biotropic or obligate parasite. Mycelium is septate, branched, persistent, superficial and ectophytic . Lobed shaped haustoria are present. Asexual reproduction is by conidia. Conidia form singly or in basipetal chain on conidiophores. Conidium is ellipsoid or ovate, unicellular, uni -nucleate and size is 31-38 × 17-21 µm. Conidia disseminate by air and germinate by germ tube.

7. Sexual reproduction occurs at the end of summer, when conidial production slows down and eventually ceases. The white powdery appearance of the host surface now changes to greyish or brown shade, and the hyphae prepare to form ascocarps which are cleistothecia . The cleistothecia are large enough to be visible to be naked eye as black dots on the infected host surface. Asci and ascospores are developed within the cleistothecium . The cleistothecium contains one to several asci which arise in one or more tufts from the base. The asci are globose to ovoid, and may have short’ stalk. Members of the Erysiphaceae survive the winter as ascospores in the asci developed in the cleistothecium , and in the spring both cleistothecium and asci absorb water and swell. The cleistothecium cracks open, and the asci discharge the ascospores which on germination on a suitable host produce new mycelia.

8. Life Cycle of Claviceps The species of Claviceps are parasitic on grasses. It causes ergot disease. The fungus attacks only the inflorescence of its host. Grains are replaced by blunt trilateral horn-shaped black sclerotia known by the name of ergots. These sclerotia are resting stages. In the mature state they are composed of a dirty-white medullary tissue surrounded by a violet-brown rind. The medulla or the central core consists of a prosenchyma formed of looser cylindric prismatic cells of pale-brown colour which are about one to four times as long as breadth. Sclerotia after surviving in winter germinate in spring by forming perithecium . Ascus form in perithecium which release ascospores . These ascospores disseminate by air to stigma of flower and like pollen tube reach to ovary of flower and resulting in Honey Dew formation. Yellow-white, septate, branched mycelium develop which produce conidia on conidiophores. Earlier macro conidia and in later stage micro conidia form. Conidia are infective. After Honey Dew Stage sclerotia form which are known as ergot.

9. Life Cycle of Claviceps sp.

10. Life Cycle of Ustilago Mycelium of Ustilago is septate and dikaryotic. Mycelium is hyaline at growing time in plant but later at maturity time become brown in color. In black powdery group of ear, Ustilagospores or Smutspors form from the dikaryotic spherical and thick walled cells of mycelium. Smutspores are olivaceous brown, round or echinulate shape in 5-9µm diameter in size. Firstly, these smut spores are hyaline and dikaryotic but later become diploid and dark in color. Smut spores disseminate by air and fall on feathery stigma of flowers and germinate by 4 celled germ tubes which is called Promycelium or Basidium. Smut spores during germination divided in 4 haploid nuclei by meiosis and form 4 cells. Two cells of promycelium act as (+) ve and 2 cells act as (–) ve strains. Later dikaryotic mycelium form by the fusion of (+) ve and (–) ve strains through compatible hyphae. Dikaryotic mycelium enter into flower and establish in pericarp, integuments, embryo and abundantly in scutellum or cotyledon before grain maturation. Mycelium survives in seed in dormant stage. When seed germinate the fungus also grow systemically with in plants and visible at the time of ear formation as black powder in ear.

11. Life Cycle of Puccinia Puccinia is a obligate parasite and pleomorphic fungi. Which cause macro cyclic and heteroecious rust in wheat. It produce different types of spores in 5 stages in wheat. 1. Stage ‘O’ – Spermagonia / Pycnia – Spermatium 2. Stage ‘1’ – Aecia/Aecidia – Aceospore / aecidiospore 3.Stage ‘2’ – Uridinia / Uredia – Uredospore / Uredinospore (conidia) 4. Stage ‘3’ – Telia / Teleutosori – Teliospore / Teleutospore 5. Stage ‘4’ – Basidia / Promycelia – Basidiospore / Sporodia It complete life cycle on wheat as main host and Barbery and Mohinia as Alternate host.

12. 1. Uredinal Stage –II Uredial stage is found on wheat. In this stage uredia are form from branched, septate, intracellular and dikaryotic mycelium. Under the epidermis from mycelium sporophorus form which bear urediospores . These urediospores put pressure on epidermis and rupture it. Urediospores are unicellular, binuclear, brown in color and having tiny spines on surface. These urediospores germinate in the presence of moisture on leaf surface by forming germ tube and enter in host by stomata. In optimum conditions in 10-15 days new urediospores form. These urediospores are also known as repeated conidia of rust.

13. Telial Stage –III In the late of season at the time of crop maturity teliospores form in place of urediospores . Teliospores are stalked, bicellular , diploid, spindle shaped, thick wall celled and color is chestunt brown. Size of teliospore is 40-50 × 15-20µm. Teliospores not germinate like urediospores . In hilly areas teliospores remain in dormant stage on wheat residue but in plain area of India due to high temperature teliospore not survive.

14. Basidial Stage –IV: After dormancy period each cell of teliospore germinate by forming promycelium or basidium. Before germination of teliospore diploid nucleus by meiosis divided in four haploid nucleus. Four basidiospores from 4 haploid nucleus form 4 basidiospores in which 2 act as + ve and 2 act as – ve factor. These spores are unicellular, monokaryotic and haploid These basidiospores by air reach on Barberry (Alternate host). These spores can not infect to wheat.

15. Spermogonial or Pycnial Stage –O Basidiospores fall on alternate host (Barberry), in presence of moisture, germinate by germ tube and after entering into host mycelium grow intercellularly . After few days pycnia form which put pressure on epidermis and rupture it and open by ostiole . Flexuous receptive hyphae come out from ostiole . Pycnospores form in pycnia and come out from pycnia . Sex of pycniospore depend upon the type of mycelium from which they are form (+ ve or – ve factor) Due to color, smell of sticky liquid and sweetness of pycnidia insects attract towards pycnidia and transfer the pycnospores to other receptive hypha . When one opposite sex factor pycnospre reach to other sex factor Dikaryotization take place resulting in dikaryotic mycelium form.

16. Spermogonium

17. Aecial Stage –I After dikaryotization in pycnial stage this dikaryotic mycelium grow downside in leaves and form cup shaped aecia on lower side of barberry. Aeciospores form in these aecia. Aeciospores are unicellular, dikaryotic, spherical or hexagonal with 14-26 µm diameter. Aeciospores put pressure on epidermis and rupture it resulting in release of aeciospores in the air. These spores disseminate by air and reach on wheat leaves and in presence of moisture germinate by germ tube. Germ tube enter into plant through stomata and form dikaryotic, septate, intercellular mycelium which form urediospores .

18. Life cycle of Puccinia

19. Thanks