LIKERT SCALE AND SEMANTED DIFFERENTIAL SCALE.pptx

Several special types of structured self report are used by nurse researchers.
These include composite social- psychological scales, vignettes, projective techniques, and Q sorts.

These are social- psychological scales often incorporated into questionnaire or interview schedule.
SCALE:
A scale is a device designed to assign a numeric score to people to place them on a continuum with respect to attributes being measured, like a scale for measuring weight.
Social- psychological scale quantitatively discriminate among people with different attitudes, fears, motives, perceptions, personality traits, and needs.
Likert scale is one of the most commonly used scaling techniques.
Likert scale was named after a psychologist Rensis Likert, who developed it in 1932 as a psychological concept measurement scale.
It was developed to measure the attitude, value and feeling of the people.
A Likert scale consist of several declarative statements or items that express viewpoint on a topic.

Primarily original version of this scale was developed with five point scale. (Strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree, strongly disagree) containing the mixture of positive and negative declarative statements regarding measuring variables
However, in recent times one can even observe the likert scale with four points (strongly agree, moderately agree, disagree, and uncertain) to seven points (very strongly agree, strongly agree, agree, uncertain, moderately agree, strongly disagree, and very strongly disagree).

Likert scale is a composite measurement scale used to measure attitude, vales and feelings of the people that involve summation of scores on the set of positive and negative declarative statements regarding measuring variables to which respondents are asked to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement.
Lekert scale is a composite measure of attitudes that involve summation of scores on set of items (statements) to which respondents are asked to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement. 

Psychological measurement tool
Likert’s scale is basically a psychological measurement tool to assess the attitude, values and feelings of the people about a specific concept.

2. Illustrative in nature
This scale is generally illustrative in nature, where each statement in a scale is stated in an explicitly illustrative way so that a person can make a clear judgment about the degree agreement or disagreement with the particular item on the scale.

3. Neutral statements
This must contain neutral statement without incorporation of any bias of the researcher.

4. Bipolar scaling method
This is composed of alternative positive and negative declarative statements, so that respondent’s casual response bias can be eliminated. Here positive statement gets high score with agreement and negative statement gets high score with disagreement with statement.
5. Measurement of the specific number of scaling category
This scale was originally developed with five scaling catego

1. SUB: NURSING RESEARCH AND STATASTICS TOPIC: LIKERT SCALE AND SEMANTED DIFFERENTIAL SCALE ` PREPARED BY: Mr. Abhinav Bhatt

2. SCALES AND OTHER SPECIAL FORMS OF STRUCTURED SELF REPORTS Several special types of structured self report are used by nurse researchers. These include composite social- psychological scales, vignettes, projective techniques, and Q sorts.

3. COMPOSITE SCALES These are social- psychological scales often incorporated into questionnaire or interview schedule. SCALE: A scale is a device designed to assign a numeric score to people to place them on a continuum with respect to attributes being measured, like a scale for measuring weight. Social- psychological scale quantitatively discriminate among people with different attitudes, fears, motives, perceptions, personality traits, and needs.

4. LIKERT SCALE

5. INTRODUCTION Likert scale is one of the most commonly used scaling techniques. Likert scale was named after a psychologist Rensis Likert, who developed it in 1932 as a psychological concept measurement scale. It was developed to measure the attitude, value and feeling of the people. A Likert scale consist of several declarative statements or items that express viewpoint on a topic.

6. Primarily original version of this scale was developed with five point scale. (Strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree, strongly disagree) containing the mixture of positive and negative declarative statements regarding measuring variables However, in recent times one can even observe the likert scale with four points ( strongly agree, moderately agree, disagree, and uncertain ) to seven points ( very strongly agree, strongly agree, agree, uncertain, moderately agree, strongly disagree, and very strongly disagree).

7. DEFINITION Likert scale is a composite measurement scale used to measure attitude, vales and feelings of the people that involve summation of scores on the set of positive and negative declarative statements regarding measuring variables to which respondents are asked to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement. Lekert scale is a composite measure of attitudes that involve summation of scores on set of items (statements) to which respondents are asked to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement. 

8. Characteristics of Likert scale Psychological measurement tool Likert’s scale is basically a psychological measurement tool to assess the attitude, values and feelings of the people about a specific concept. 2. Illustrative in nature This scale is generally illustrative in nature, where each statement in a scale is stated in an explicitly illustrative way so that a person can make a clear judgment about the degree agreement or disagreement with the particular item on the scale.

9. 3. Neutral statements This must contain neutral statement without incorporation of any bias of the researcher. 4. Bipolar scaling method This is composed of alternative positive and negative declarative statements, so that respondent’s casual response bias can be eliminated. Here positive statement gets high score with agreement and negative statement gets high score with disagreement with statement.

10. 5. Measurement of the specific number of scaling category This scale was originally developed with five scaling categories, but later scales even developed with four, six and seven scaling categories.

11. USES OF LIKERT SCALE Basically it is used to measure the attitude values and feelings of the people about specific concepts such as situation, places, objects, programmes , policies and so on. This scale is used to have quantified measurement of the qualitative attributes of people such as feelings, values and attitudes. It may also be used to assess the opinions of the respondents about a particular abstract concept. It collects the opinions of people with various attitude, emotions, and feelings towards a particular concept.

12. Methods for construction of Likert scale The researcher gathers a large number of statements which clearly indicate favorable or unfavorable attitude towards the issue in question. The responses will imply various scores. The scores are consistently arranged either form the highest to lowest, or from the lowest to the highest. By adding up different scores of an individual, his total score is calculated.

13. SCORING THE LIKERT SCALE Scoring of the likert scale is done on the basis of type of statement and level of respondent’s agreement with statement. For a positive statement, respondent’s gets higher score if there is agreement with statement. However, in case of negative statement, respondent’s gets higher score if there is disagreement with statement or vice versa as shown in the table.

14. RESPONDENTS SCORE STATEMENT Strongly agree Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly disagree (+)Person with multiple sex partner are at risk of AIDS 5 4 3 2 1 (-)You can get AIDS by sharing utensils. 1 2 3 4 5 TOTAL

15. RESPONDENTS SCORE STATEMENT Strongly agree Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly disagree (+)Person with multiple sex partner are at risk of AIDS  4 (-)You can get AIDS by sharing utensils.  3 (+)You may get HIV by sharing needles with others.  4 (-)Only gay men can get AIDS.  3 (+)One way of the getting AIDS is infected blood transfusion  5 (-)AIDS is a curable disease.  5 Likert Scale Example Example: It is five point Likert scale to assess the attitude with HIV/AIDS Note: Please tick (  ) in appropriate column for each statements .

16. Agreement Frequency Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree Very Frequently Frequently Occasionally Rarely Never Likert Scale Examples Importance Likelihood Very Important Important Moderately Important Of Little Importance Unimportant Almost Always True Usually True Occasionally True Usually Not True Almost Never True Very Good  Good  Barely Acceptable  Poor  Very Poor Extremely Poor  Below Average  Average  Above Average  Excellent Good  Fair  Poor QUALITY  

17. ADVANTAGES OF LIKERT SCALE   It is relatively easy to construct this scale. Likert’s scale is considered as more reliable and valid tool to measure the psychosocial variables. It is easy to administer, since respondent’s only have to tick in a space provided against of each statement. It is less time consuming during construction and administration .

18. DISADVANTAGES OF LIKERT SCALE In Likert scale, respondents may feel forced to answer the question against all preplanned items and their categories. Feeling of the respondent’s may not be fully assessed due to researcher’s preplanned statement and categories. Difficulty in justifying the selection of the numbers of categories and numerical assignments to the categories. Casual approach of respondent’s in this scale may provide misleading data.

19. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE

20. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE Semantic differential scale is most effective and most widely used technique nowadays. In 1967, Osgood, Suci , and Tannenbaum introduced this method for the first time in their book, “ The Measurement of Meaning”. Although the original purpose of the scale was not necessarily to measure the assessment of attitude, the procedure was well adopted for attitude assessment.

21. Semantic differential questions measures people’s attitude towards stimulus words, objects, and concepts. These question types consist of a series of contrasting adjectives pairs (e.g., good-bad, beneficial-harmful) listed on opposite ends of a bipolar scale. Many studies have shown that semantic deferential questions can work effectively with different age groups, cultures, and languages. These questions are popular because they are extremely easy to construct, and provide reasonably valid and reliable quantitative data.

22. DEFINITION: Semantic differential scale is a type of rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events and concepts. These connotations are used to derive the respondents’ attitude towards the objects, events and concepts

23. USAGES SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE Semantic differential scale is most commonly used in : patient satisfaction survey customer satisfaction survey Employee survey Marketing survey operational research personality measurements clinical psychology

24. DESIGNING SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE For the preparation of semantic differential scale, adjective pairs are used as depicted in table shown below. The scale is set up using  polar adjectives  (opposite-meaning terms) at each end. The bipolar adjective pairs can be used for a wide variety of subjects. The adjectives pairs are selected according to the objectives of the survey.

25. The adjectives pairs can be grouped into large categories, and survey question usually includes a few points from each category. These categories are evaluation, potency and activity. The respondent is asked to rate an object, person or any concept, by putting a mark on one of the 7 spaces along each dimension. It is not necessary to use these particular sets of adjectives, or cover all three themes. Any set can be substituted, depending on the purpose of the research. To avoid fatigue or boring the respondent, do not use more than 20 lines, and 10-12 adjective pairs is better. Using fewer is acceptable.  

26. EVALUATION POTENCY ACTIVITY Good­----------Bad Hard-----------------Soft Active------------------Passive Kind--------- ---Cruel Strong---------------Weak Fast--------------------Slow Wise------------Foolish Heavy---------------Light Hot---------------------Cold Beautiful---- --Ugly Deep----------------Shallow Motivated------------Aimless Happy----------Sad Potent--------------Impotent Moving----------------Still Friendly-------Unfriendly Large---------------Small Excitable--------------Calm Willing---------Unwilling Simple--------------Complex Alive-------------------Dead Honest---------Dishonest Difficult------------Easy Emotional- -----Unemotional Sociable------Unsociable Submissive--------Assertive Bright-----------------Dim

27. ADVANTAGES OF SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE A convenient method to assess the beliefs, attitude, and values in quantitative form Easy to administer Provide reasonable valid and reliable quantitative form  

28. DISADVANTAGES OF SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE It is difficult to select the relevant concepts, which are appropriate for any given investigation. It is time consuming to find the appropriate adjective pairs.

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