Lipids and its classification

Lipids. Classification; types; cholesterol; steroids; lipoproteins; simple; complex; derived lipids; precurser lipids;

1. Lipids and its classification By Dr. Vijay Sharma Asst. Professor IFTM University, Moradabad (UP) Pharma Knowledge 1

2. Lipids The word lipid is derived from a Greek word “ lipos ” which means Fat. A   lipid  is a macrobiomolecule that is soluble in  non polar  solvents .   Non-polar solvents are typically hydrocarbons used to dissolve. Do not (or do not easily) dissolve in water .

3. Functions The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes . Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and food  industries as well as in nanotechnology . They serve as a storage form of metabolic fuel . they serve as a transport form of metabolic fuel. They provide the structural components of membranes ( phospholipids, glycolipids , galactolipids , sphingolipids ) T hey have protective functions in bacteria, plants, insects, and vertebrates, serving as a part of the outer coating between the body of the organism and the environment.

4. Classifications Four types Simple : Fatty acids and Alcohols Compound (complex): Fatty acids, Alcohols & other groups. Derived: derived from simple and complex both. Miscellaneous: possesses characteristics of lipids.

5. Lipids Simple lipids These are esters of Fatty acids with various alcohols. Complex lipids These are Esters of fatty acids containing groups e.g. Phosphate, nitrogen, carbohydrates, sulphur etc. + + Derived lipids T hese are derived from simple or complex lipids. It contains a hydrocarbon ring along with long fatty acid chain side chain. + Miscellaneous lipids These are the lipids having characteristics of lipids . Carotenoids Squalene Terpenes Pentacepore Fatty acids Alcohols + Fatty acids Alcohols Other Groups Hydro carbon Hydro carbon

6. Simple lipids 1.Triacylglycerol (triglyceride) Most abundant lipid in animals. Composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Storage form of lipids. Source of energy. 2. Waxes Composed of fatty acids and glycerol.

7. Fatty Acids It is Simplest form of lipids It Usually contains an even number of carbon atoms (14C-20C ) B iosynthesis of fatty acid occurs with sequential addition of 2 carbon atom. Chain may be saturated ( containing no double bonds ) or unsaturated ( containing one or more double bonds ) It is found in esterified form. Fats of animal origin are more simple than that of plant origin. Examples are Palmitic acid and stearic acid

8. Essential fatty acids The fatty acid cant be synthesized by the body and therefore has to be supplied in the diet. FUNCTIONS Membrane structures and functions Transport of cholesterol Formation of lipoprotein Prevention of fatty liver Disorder due to Deficiency Phrynoderma , toad skin

9. Compound lipids 1. Phospholipids It Contains fatty acid, alcohols, Nitrogen base phosphoric acid. Examples Lecithin, Cephalin etc Phospholids are of 2 types: Glycerophospholipids : contains glycerol as alcohol. Sphingophospholipids : contain sphingosine as alcohol.

10. Compound lipids 2. Glycolipids Contains fatty acid, alcohols & carbohydrates. C erebrosides , G angliosides . 3. Lipoproteins Chylomicrones , LDL, HDL, IDL, VLDL . 4.Others Sulfo -lipids amino acids Amino-lipids.

11. Functions of Phospholipids Phospholipids provide barriers in cellular membranes to protect the cell, they make barriers for the organelles within those cells.  Phospholipids  work to provide pathways for various substances across membranes. SPHINGOPHOSPHOLIPIDS Found in large quantities in brain and nerve Tissue. The combination of sphingosine plus fatty acid is known as ceramide – found in glycosphingolipids

12. Derived/precursor lipids These are derived from simple or complex lipids. It contains a hydrocarbon ring along with long fatty acid chain side chain. It Includes Fatty acid, Glycerol, mono acyl glycerol Steroids, Cholesterol, Ketone body, Vit A,D, E, K

13. Steroids • Steroids compound containing cyclic steroid nucleus. • Several steroids in biological systems. – Cholestrol – Bile acids – Vitamin D – Sex Hormone – Adrenocortical hormones – Cardiac glycosides – Alkaloids

14. Derived/precursor lipids CHOLESTEROL It is a precursor of a large number of equally important steroids B ile acids, A drenocortical hormones, S ex hormones, D vitamins – Ergosterol Cardiac glycosides Function Present in nervous tissues – insulating cover Biochemical function – precursor for many biochemical substances and component of cell membrane.

15. Bile acids It synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Bile acids keep bile cholesterol in a soluble state asmicelles to promote the digestion of lipids in the intestine. Primary bile acids : Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid Secondary bile acids : lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid.

16. Miscellaneous lipids These are the lipids having characteristics of lipids but having different characteristic group. Carotenoids Squalene Terpenes Pentacepore

17. Saturated Fats Saturated fats have no double bonds in their chemical structure. They are “ saturated ” with hydrogen atoms. Because of their chemical structure, they have a solid consistency at room temperature. Saturated fats can be found in a variety of foods, including: Animal meat  including beef, poultry, pork. Certain plant oils  such as palm kernel or coconut oil. Dairy products  including cheese, butter, and milk.

18. Unsaturated Fats Unsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature. They  differ from saturated fats in that their chemical structure contains one or more double bonds. They can be further categorized as: Monounsaturated Fats:  I t contains only one double bond in its structure and   liquid at room temperature. e.g. canola oil and olive oil . Polyunsaturated Fats:   It contains two or more double bonds in their structure and liquid at room temperature. e .g. safflower oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil.

19. References Wikepedia U.Satyanarayan , U. Chakerpeni . Biochemistry Harpers, Biochemistry, 26 th edition.

20. Thank you all 20 Subscribe and share