LOCAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS

Current issues in PE curriculum is focused towards the overall well-being of the individual, because the lesson or activity is learned at the early stage will have an impact of continuing till the adult age, which the PE emphasizes a person to engage in any one of the activity throughout their life to be fit and have a healthy lifestyle. Contemporary issues in Sports is a Long- Term Athlete Development because it is one of the historical problems in sports. This development framework has been focused to answer issues that have historically hindered athlete development around the world. It is designed to address the problems such as over competing, under training, ignoring development stages and more. Long - Term Athlete Development addresses several traditional shortcomings in sports system that could lead to serious consequences in the training and development of the athletes.
2. What causes player violence?

the importance of the result (money, position in league or competition, team rivalry)
the nature of the game (contact sports are more likely to lead to violence, for example soccer, ice hockey, american football)
provocation (crowd chanting abuse, 'sledging' by other players)
3. Do sports cause aggression?

- Yes, In sport, aggression is a characteristic that can have many negative as well as positive effects on performance.

Aggression is defined as “any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming of injuring another live being who is motivated to avoid such treatment” (Baron & Richardson, 1994).
Most people view aggression as a negative psychological characteristic, however some sport psychologists agree that aggression can improve performance (Widmeyer & Birch, 1984).

Assertive behaviour - where a player will play within the rules of the sport at a very high intensity, but will have no intention to harm an opponent.

ANALYSIS

Why do players show acts of violence during sporting contest?

Athletes sometimes resort to violence, in hopes of injuring and intimidating opponents . Such incidents may be part of a strategy developed by coaches or players.
What are common incidents of violence in sport and what are the reasons for such acts?

disappointment or frustration (at own performance, the result or the officials' decisions)
dehumanised view of the opposition (caused by protective helmets and clothing which turns opponents into objects rather than people to be respected)
equipment (sports such as hockey and baseball use equipment that may be subconsciously viewed as 'weapons')
crowd behaviour (aggression, abuse)
emotional intensity (the 'cauldron' effect of the venue, media hype, over-intense 'psyching up' of players)
How does violence in sports affect values?

Violence in sports can result from verbal abuse by players, parents, coaches, and fans when they do not like moves by the other teams' fans, players, and coaches. These abuses make the opposing teams or supporters angry and eventually release their anger throughs.

1. LOCAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS BPE 122 - CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PE AND SPORTS

2. CONTENTS LOCAL ISSUES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SCHOOL SPORTS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS SOME ISSUES IN SPORTS

3. 01 LOCAL ISSUES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SCHOOL SPORTS

4. refers to concern or issue itself that is currently affecting people,places or problem that is unresolved. can also be defined as any of event, idea,opinion, or topic in a given subject that is relevant to the present day. What is Contemporary Issues?

5. Current issues in PE curriculum is focused towards the overall well-being of the individual , because the lesson or activity is learned at the early stage will have an impact of continuing till the adult age, which the PE emphasizes a person to engage in any one of the activity throughout their life to be fit and have a healthy lifesty .

6. Contemporary issues in Sports is a Long- Term Athlete Development because it is one of the historical problems in sports. This development framework has been focused to answer issues that have historically h indered athlete development around the world. It is designed to address the problems such as over competing , under training , ignoring development stages and more. Long - Term Athlete Development addresses several traditional shortcomings in sports system that could lead to serious consequences in the training and development of the athletes.

7. 02 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS.

8. Physical Education is an integral part of educational program designed to promote the optimum development of an individual physically , mentally , socially , emotionally and spiritually through total body movement in the performance of properly selected physical activities. Basically,Physical Education is one of the major parts of school curriculum that develop the physical ability of every student, it is also a statutory area of the school curriculum, concerned with developing students' physical competence and confidence, and their ability to use these to perform in a range of activities.

9. Sport is refers to a range of activities,processes, social relationships and presumed physical, psychological and sociological outcomes.These activities include individual , partner and team sports ; contact and non contact sports ; motor - driven or perceptually dominated sports ; different emphases on strategy , chance and physical skills ;and competitive , self development and purely recreational activities . Sport means all forms of ‐physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well being, forming relationships or obtaining results in competitions at all - levels.

10. Clearly, there is a close relationship between physical education and sport , but they are not synonymous . At the most superficial level, the distinction between the terms is simply that sport refers to a range of activities and physical education refers to an area of the school curriculum concerned with physical activities and the development of physical competence . Sport covers a range of physical activities in which adults and young people may participate. Physical education on the other hand is a process of learning, the context being mainly physical. Therefore, sport will be used as a generic term for the wide range of activities outlined above, and physical education will be used to refer specifically to the curriculum areas and associated educational outcomes.

11. 03 SOME ISSUES IN SPORTS

12. VIOLENCE IN SPORTS Learning Activity No. 1 “CONCEPT MAPPING List down words that can be associated in the term violence in sports. Using your own words, Define sports violence using all the terms you have written.

13. Write down your observations on the illustration below. Answer the guide questions and write your answers on your paper.

14. GUIDE QUESTIONS: What have you observed on the pictures ? What causes player violence? Do sports cause aggression?

15. Sports violence can be defined as behavior which causes harm, occurs outside of the rules of the sport,and is unrelated to the competitive objectives of the sport . T wo forms of aggression in sports : Instrumental aggression is non-emotional and task-oriented. Reactive aggression has an underlying emotional component, with harm as its goal. Violence is an outcome of reactive aggression.

16. Answer the following Questions: 1. What have you observed on the illustrations above? - It is a sports violence . Sports violence can be defined as behavior which causes harm, occurs outside of the rules of the sport, and is unrelated to the competitive objectives of the s port .

17. 2. What causes player violence? the importance of the result (money, position in league or competition, team rivalry) the nature of the game (contact sports are more likely to lead to violence, for example soccer, ice hockey, american football) provocation (crowd chanting abuse, 'sledging' by other players)

18. 3. Do sports cause aggression? - Yes, In sport, aggression is a characteristic that can have many negative as well as positive effects on performance. Aggression is defined as “any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming of injuring another live being who is motivated to avoid such treatment” (Baron & Richardson, 1994).

19. Most people view aggression as a negative psychological characteristic, however some sport psychologists agree that aggression can improve performance (Widmeyer & Birch, 1984). A ssertive behaviour - where a player will play within the rules of the sport at a very high intensity, but will have no intention to harm an opponent.

20. ANALYSIS Why do players show acts of violence during sporting contest? Athletes sometimes resort to violence, in hopes of injuring and intimidating opponents . Such incidents may be part of a strategy developed by coaches or players.

21. What are common incidents of violence in sport and what are the reasons for such acts? disappointment or frustration (at own performance, the result or the officials' decisions) dehumanised view of the opposition (caused by protective helmets and clothing which turns opponents into objects rather than people to be respected) equipment (sports such as hockey and baseball use equipment that may be subconsciously viewed as 'weapons') crowd behaviour (aggression, abuse) emotional intensity (the 'cauldron' effect of the venue, media hype, over-intense 'psyching up' of players)

22. How does violence in sports affect values? Violence in sports can result from verbal abuse by players, parents, coaches, and fans when they do not like moves by the other teams' fans, players, and coaches. These abuses make the opposing teams or supporters angry and eventually release their anger through violence.

23. H ow will you educate performers on controlling their emotions and raise a wareness of their responsibility as a role model? Education/training: Performers should be trained to deal will stress and emotional control through management techniques. In addition, players must be made aware of how behaviors’ can be copied by those watching .

24. The psychological theory states that aggression is caused by frustration; it is situational. Frustration results when one's efforts to reach a particular goal are blocked (Leonard, p. 170). In sports, frustration can be caused by questionable calls by officials, failure to make aparticular play, injuries that interfere with optimum performance, interruption from spectators, or irritation by coaches or players.

25. R einforcement for acts of violence may come from three sources: (a) the athlete's immediate reference group-coaches, teammates, family, friends; (b) structure of the game and implementation of rules by officials and governing bodies; (c) attitudes of fans, media, courts, and society. Reinforcement may take the form of rewards, such as praise, trophies, starting position, respect of friends and family.

26. As a future coach or PE teacher, how will you help athletes in terms of handling frustrations during the game? ACTIVITY

27. Consequences and implications of violence It is a widespread belief that sport often mirrors society and that violent acts are behaviors influenced by our surroundings. Violent actions on the pitch should be treated the same as violent acts on the street and the law should applied equally. Using positive role models to highlight exemplar behaviour is the key to removing violence with younger generations.

28. Consequences and implications of violence s pectators and followers of certain sports have been known to display acts of violence and even hooliganism. Implications to the sport: Reputation – a sport can become known for violence and may affect young people taking it up. Global brand damage – regular violence associated to a sport will affect future sponsorship and investment opportunities.

29. STRATEGIES TO PREVENT VIOLENCE There a re number of ways to reduce violence in sport: 1. Education/training: Performers should be trained to deal will stress and emotional control through management techniques. In addition, players must be made aware of how behaviors’ can be copied by those watching. 2. Fair play campaigns: Many governing bodies have introduced fair play programme and every year nominate teams for fair play awards. 3. Stricter punishments by referees and the sport: Match officials and governing bodies have increased punishments for violent acts and have the power to deal with incidents retrospectively. The threat of such actions is often enough to deter athletes.

30. 4. Improved refereeing: Effective officiating is a strategy to avoid confrontation and violence. Many good referees will defuse a potential situation before it arises. 5. Law enforcements and CCTV: The football Disorder Act (2000) allows the police to arrest people identified as potential troublemakers. This act prevents them from travelling abroad. Similar banning orders have been issued to known attacker. Sophisticated police surveillance helps prevent spectator violence or can be used to track down offenders. 6. Responsible media reporting : T he media (TV, radio, newspaper & internet) and social media outlets have a duty to report and highlight both positive and negative acts of violence in the right way.

31. CREATE A POSTER/SLOGAN Directions: Create a Poster and Slogan with the theme “Strategies to Avoid Violence in Sports” ACTIVITY

32. THANK YOU Enter your text here, or paste your text here.